Scientists measured a pulse of light in 37 dimensions, revealing a quantum paradox that defies classical reality and pushes the limits of physics.
A team of physicists has taken quantum weirdness to new heights by measuring a pulse of light in 37 dimensions. Their experiment, designed to explore the limits of quantum mechanics, pushes past classical expectations and challenges long-held assumptions about the nature of reality.
Using a fiber-based photonic processor, the researchers demonstrated a Greenberger–Horne–Zeilinger (GHZ) paradox in an unprecedented way, showing that quantum physics is more nonclassical than previously thought.
The GHZ Paradox and Local Realism
In the classical world, reality follows predictable rules. If a letter is in your mailbox, it must have been placed there by a postal worker. This concept, known as local realism, assumes that objects and events exist in a well-defined state before being observed and that they are only influenced by their immediate surroundings.
Quantum mechanics, however, defies this logic. Particles can exist in superpositions, meaning their state isn't determined until measured. The GHZ paradox, first proposed in 1989, provides a mathematical framework demonstrating that local realism cannot fully describe quantum systems. It predicts situations where mathematical impossibilities arise, such as equations suggesting that 1 equals -1.
To test this paradox, the research team created an experiment that amplified quantum nonlocality to an extreme. By generating photons in 37 dimensions and using entanglement, they demonstrated that quantum systems could break the very foundation of classical reasoning.
Expanding the Dimensions of Quantum Entanglement
Quantum mechanics already challenges intuition, but the experiment took things further by increasing the dimensionality of quantum states. Instead of limiting the GHZ paradox to three dimensions, as originally formulated, the team expanded it to 37 dimensions.
This meant that photons particles of light were manipulated in a way that required 37 reference points to describe their behavior. Such an expansion allowed the team to push the boundaries of nonclassical effects, testing how deeply quantum mechanics diverges from classical physics.
"Quantum physics is more nonclassical than many of us thought," said Zhenghao Liu, a physicist from the Technical University of Denmark and co-author of the study. "It could be that, 100 years after its discovery, we are still only seeing the tip of the iceberg."
Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.
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