Physics Awards

Monday, April 7, 2025

Half Ice, Half Fire: A Bizarre New State of Matter That Could Reshape Physics

In a groundbreaking study, scientists at Brookhaven National Lab uncovered a new phase of matter dubbed “half ice, half fire” a bizarre mix of cold, orderly electron spins and hot, chaotic ones.

This discovery flips the script on previously accepted limits in physics and could spark advances in quantum computing, magnetic refrigeration, and more. It stems from a decade-long journey through strange magnetic materials and offers a brand-new way to manipulate matter with ultrasharp precision.

A New State of Matter Emerges

Two physicists at the U.S. Department of Energy’s Brookhaven National Laboratory have discovered a new phase of matter while exploring a model of a magnetic material.

This newly identified phase is a unique arrangement of electron spins, the tiny magnetic moments of electrons that point either “up” or “down.” The phase features a mix of highly ordered (“cold”) and highly disordered (“hot”) spins. Because of this unusual combination, the researchers named it “half ice, half fire.” The discovery emerged from studying a one-dimensional model of a magnetic material known as a ferrimagnet.

Practical Potential for Energy and Information Tech

What makes “half ice, half fire” especially significant is its ability to cause extremely sharp transitions between different states of matter at a practical, finite temperature something that could have future applications in energy systems and information technology.

The findings, by physicists Weiguo Yin and Alexei Tsvelik, are detailed in the December 31, 2024 issue of Physical Review Letters.

“Finding new states with exotic physical properties and being able to understand and control the transitions between those states are central problems in the fields of condensed matter physics and materials science,” said Yin. “Solving those problems could lead to great advances in technologies like quantum computing and spintronics.”

Added Tsvelik, “We suggest that our findings may open a new door to understanding and controlling phases and phase transitions in certain materials.”

A Twin Phase and a Decade of Discovery

The “half-ice, half-fire” phase is the twin state of the “half-fire, half-ice” phase discovered by Yin, Tsvelik, and Christopher Roth, their 2015 undergraduate summer intern who is now a postdoc at the Flatiron Institute. They describe the discovery in a paper published in early 2024.

But the full story goes back to 2012, when Yin and Tsvelik were part of a multi-institutional collaboration, led by Brookhaven physicist John Hill, that was studying Sr3CuIrO6, a magnetic compound of strontium, copper, iridium, and oxygen. This research led to two papers, an experiment-driven study in 2012 and a theory-driven study in 2013, both published in PRL.

Yin and Tsvelik continued to look into the phase behaviors of Sr3CuIrO6 and, in 2016, found the “half-fire, half-ice” phase. In this state, which is induced by a critical external magnetic field, the “hot” spins on the copper sites are fully disordered on the atomic lattice and have smaller magnetic moments, while the “cold” spins on the iridium sites are fully ordered and have larger magnetic moments.

“But despite our extensive research, we still didn’t know how this state could be utilized, especially because it has been well known for one century that the one-dimensional Ising model, an established mathematical model of ferromagnetism that produces the half-fire, half-ice state, does not host a finite-temperature phase transition,” said Tsvelik. “We were missing pieces of the puzzle.”

Cracking the Code: Forbidden Transitions

A hint to the missing pieces was recently identified by Yin. In two publications for systems with and without an external magnetic field, respectively, he demonstrated that the aforementioned forbidden phase transition can be approached by ultranarrow phase crossover at fixed finite temperature.

In this current work, Yin and Tsvelik have discovered that “half fire, half ice” has an opposite, hidden state in which the hot and cold spins switch positions. That is, the hot spins become cold, and the cold spins become hot, which led them to name the phase “half ice, half fire.”

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Saturday, April 5, 2025

Alive, Dead, and Hot: Schrödinger’s Cat Defies the Rules of Quantum Physics

Researchers have pulled off a quantum feat that defies traditional expectations they’ve created Schrödinger cat states not from ultra-cold ground states, but from warm, thermally excited ones.

Using a superconducting qubit setup, the team demonstrated that quantum superpositions can exist even at higher temperatures, overturning the long-held belief that heat destroys quantum effects. This breakthrough not only validates Schrödinger’s original “hot cat” concept but also paves the way for more practical and accessible quantum technologies.

Schrödinger’s Cat and Hot Quantum States

Schrödinger cat states are a remarkable feature of quantum physics, where a quantum system can exist in two opposing states at once. The concept comes from Erwin Schrödinger’s famous thought experiment, in which a cat is imagined to be both alive and dead simultaneously. In real-world experiments, similar quantum superpositions have been observed not with actual cats, but in things like the positions of atoms and molecules, or the vibrations of electromagnetic resonators.

Until now, these kinds of superpositions were typically created by first cooling the quantum system to its ground state, its lowest possible energy level. But in a new breakthrough, researchers led by Gerhard Kirchmair and Oriol Romero-Isart have shown it’s possible to create Schrödinger cat states even when the system starts out thermally excited, or “hot.”

“Schrödinger also assumed a living, i.e. ‘hot’ cat in his thought experiment,” remarks Gerhard Kirchmair from the Department of Experimental Physics at the University of Innsbruck and the Institute of Quantum Optics and Quantum Information (IQOQI) of the Austrian Academy of Sciences (ÖAW). “We wanted to know whether these quantum effects can also be generated if we don’t start from the ‘cold’ ground state,” says Kirchmair.

Creating Quantum Superpositions at Higher Temperatures

In their study, published today (April 4) in Science Advances, the team used a transmon qubit inside a microwave resonator to create the cat states. Remarkably, they succeeded at temperatures up to 1.8 Kelvin, around 60 times hotter than the resonator’s usual environment.

“Our results show that it is possible to generate highly mixed quantum states with distinct quantum properties,” explains Ian Yang, who performed the experiments reported in the study.

Adapting Protocols to Generate Hot Cat States

The researchers used two special protocols to create the hot Schrödinger cat states. These protocols were previously used to produce cat states starting from the ground state of the system. “It turned out that adapted protocols also work at higher temperatures, generating distinct quantum interferences,” says Oriol Romero-Isart, until recently Professor of Theoretical Physics at the University of Innsbruck and research group leader at IQOQI Innsbruck and since 2024 Director of ICFO – the Institute of Photonic Sciences in Barcelona.

“This opens up new opportunities for the creation and use of quantum superpositions, for example in nanomechanical oscillators, for which achieving the ground state can be technically challenging.”

Defying Expectations About Temperature and Quantum Interference

“Many of our colleagues were surprised when we first told them about our results, because we usually think of temperature as something that destroys quantum effects,” adds Thomas Agrenius, who helped develop the theoretical understanding of the experiment. “Our measurements confirm that quantum interference can persist even at high temperature.”

Implications for Future Quantum Technologies

These research findings could benefit the development of quantum technologies. “Our work reveals that it is possible to observe and use quantum phenomena even in less ideal, warmer environments,” emphasizes Gerhard Kirchmair. “If we can create the necessary interactions in a system, the temperature ultimately doesn’t matter.”

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

Friday, April 4, 2025

99% Fidelity: USC Scientists Create First-Ever Quantum Filter To Preserve Entanglement

A new technique based on new physics offers strong, scalable control over quantum information, paving the way for more dependable quantum computing.

In a significant breakthrough that could accelerate the progress of quantum technologies, researchers from the USC Viterbi Ming Hsieh Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering and the School of Advanced Computing have developed the first optical filter capable of isolating and preserving quantum entanglement, a key phenomenon central to quantum computing, communication, and sensing. This work, published in Science, paves the way for compact, high-performance entanglement systems that can be integrated into quantum photonic circuits, enhancing the reliability of quantum computing architectures and communication networks.

The study was led by Professors Mercedeh Khajavikhan and Demetri Christodoulides, with Mahmoud A. Selim, a USC graduate student, as the first author.

Quantum Entanglement Explained

Quantum entanglement is a process in which two or more particles become connected, such that the behavior of one instantly influences the behavior of the other even when they are far apart. This invisible thread is what allows quantum computers to perform massive parallel calculations, quantum networks to transmit information securely, and sensors to achieve levels of sensitivity far beyond classical systems. Entanglement lies at the heart of quantum physics a mysterious tether that binds particles together, creating an uncanny connection that defies classical intuition. Once dismissed as a “spooky action at a distance,” entanglement is now recognized as a vital resource powering quantum technologies.

But entanglement is fragile. Even tiny amounts of noise or errors can destroy these delicate quantum links, making it difficult to harness entanglement in real-world systems.

To overcome this, the USC-led team created a novel kind of optical filter an arrangement of laser-written glass light channels called waveguides that act like sculptors chiseling away everything unnecessary to reveal a pure, entangled state beneath. Regardless of how degraded or mixed the incoming light is, the device strips away the unwanted components and leaves behind only the essential quantum correlations.

“This filter doesn’t just preserve entanglement it distills it from a noisy mixed quantum state,” said Selim. “It leaves the quantum core intact while shedding everything else.”

Anti–Parity-Time Symmetry and Its Role

The breakthrough at the heart of this work comes from a surprising idea in theoretical physics called anti–parity-time (APT) symmetry a concept that has only recently begun to attract attention in the world of optics. Most traditional optical systems are designed to avoid loss and maintain symmetry, meaning that light flows in predictable, balanced ways. But APT-symmetric systems take a very different approach: they embrace loss not randomly, but in a precise and carefully controlled manner. By combining this engineered dissipation with the power of interference, these systems offer a unique and counterintuitive way to steer how light behaves. This unconventional control opens up exciting possibilities for manipulating light in ways that were previously thought to be impossible.

By embedding this symmetry into a specially designed network of optical waveguides, the team created a structure that naturally filters out noise and guides the system toward a stable entangled state much like a ball rolling into the lowest point of a valley.

“This work shows that non-Hermitian physics and open quantum systems once considered a mathematical curiosity can offer powerful tools in the quantum regime,” said senior author Mercedeh Khajavikhan, Professor of Electrical Engineering and Physics at USC. “Our filter is scalable, chip-compatible, and doesn’t require exotic materials or active components.”

The filter was tested experimentally using single photons and pairs of entangled photons generated in USC’s labs. After passing through the APT-symmetric entanglement filter, the output states were reconstructed using quantum tomography techniques, confirming the filter’s ability to recover the desired entangled states with greater than 99% fidelity.

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

Thursday, April 3, 2025

Stellar Time Machine: Rare Particle Decay Sheds Light on the Sun’s Mysterious Origins

New experiments on thallium decay have helped determine the Sun formed over 10–20 million years, improving stellar nucleosynthesis models.

Have you ever wondered how long it took our Sun to form in the stellar nursery where it was born? An international team of scientists has just brought us closer to the answer. They successfully measured a rare nuclear process, bound-state beta decay, in fully ionized thallium-205 (²⁰⁵Tl⁸¹⁺) ions at the Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) of GSI/FAIR in Germany. This breakthrough sheds new light on how the radioactive isotope lead-205 (²⁰⁵Pb) is formed in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars and helps refine estimates of the Sun’s formation timeline. Their findings were published in Nature.

Current estimates suggest the Sun took tens of millions of years to form from its parent molecular cloud. This timeline is inferred from the presence of long-lived radionuclides that were produced shortly before the Sun’s birth. These isotopes were created in AGB stars, dying stars of intermediate-mass, and spread through the solar neighborhood via stellar winds.

Although these radionuclides have long since decayed, they left behind traceable amounts of their decay products in primitive meteorites, allowing scientists to reconstruct their origin. To accurately time the Sun’s formation, scientists look for radionuclides that are produced exclusively by the slow neutron capture process (s-process), with no contamination from other nucleosynthesis pathways. The best candidate is ²⁰⁵Pb an “s-only” nucleus that fits these criteria.

Reversing Roles in Atomic Decay

On Earth, the isotope ²⁰⁵Pb decays into ²⁰⁵Tl through a process where one of its protons combines with an atomic electron, transforming into a neutron and emitting an electron neutrino. This decay known as electron capture relies on the very small energy difference between ²⁰⁵Pb and ²⁰⁵Tl. However, the higher electron binding energies in ²⁰⁵Pb (due to its greater nuclear charge, Z = 82) make this transformation energetically favorable. Interestingly, if all electrons are stripped from the atoms such as in extremely high-temperature environments the situation reverses.

Without electrons, ²⁰⁵Tl becomes unstable and undergoes beta-minus decay to form ⁵²⁰⁵Pb. This inversion occurs in asymptotic giant branch (AGB) stars, where temperatures of several hundred million Kelvin fully ionize atoms. The production of ²⁰⁵Pb in AGB stars, therefore, depends critically on the rate at which ²⁰⁵Tl decays under these ionized conditions. However, this decay cannot be observed in typical laboratory settings because, under normal conditions, ²⁰⁵Tl is stable.

The decay of 205Tl is only energetically possible if the produced electron is captured into one of the bound atomic orbits in 205Pb. This is an exceptionally rare decay mode known as bound-state beta decay. Moreover, the nuclear decay leads to an excited state in 205Pb which is situated only by a minuscule 2.3 kiloelectronvolt above the ground state but is strongly favored over the decay to the ground state. The 205Tl-205Pb pair can be imagined as a stellar seesaw model, as both decay directions are possible, and the winner depends on the stellar environment conditions of temperature and (electron) density and on the nuclear transition strength which was the great unknown in this stellar competition.

Pioneering the Bound-State Beta Decay Experiment

This unknown has now been unveiled in an ingenious experiment conducted by an international team of scientists coming from 37 institutions representing twelve countries. Bound-state beta decay is only measurable if the decaying nucleus is stripped of all electrons and is kept under these extraordinary conditions for several hours. Worldwide, this is only possible at the GSI/FAIR heavy-ion Experimental Storage Ring (ESR) combined with the fragment separator (FRS).

“The measurement of 205Tl81+ had been proposed in the 1980s, but it has taken decades of accelerator development and the hard work of many colleagues to bring to fruition,” says Professor Yury Litvinov of GSI/FAIR, spokesperson of the experiment. “A plethora of groundbreaking techniques had to be developed to achieve the required conditions for a successful experiment, like production of bare 205Tl in a nuclear reaction, its separation in the FRS and accumulation, cooling, storage and monitoring in the ESR.”

“Knowing the transition strength, we can now accurately calculate the rates at which the seesaw pair 205Tl-205Pb operates at the conditions found in AGB stars,” says Dr. Riccardo Mancino, who performed the calculations as a post-doctoral researcher at the Technical University of Darmstadt and GSI/FAIR.

The 205Pb production yield in AGB stars has been derived by researchers from the Konkoly Observatory in Budapest (Hungary), the INAF Osservatorio d’Abruzzo (Italy), and the University of Hull (UK), implementing the new 205Tl/205Pb stellar decay rates in their state-of-the-art AGB astrophysical models. “The new decay rate allows us to predict with confidence how much 205Pb is produced in AGB stars and finds its way into the gas cloud which formed our Sun,” explains Dr. Maria Lugaro, researcher at Konkoly Observatory. “By comparing with the amount of 205Pb we currently infer from meteorites, the new result gives a time interval for the formation of the Sun from the progenitor molecular cloud of ten to twenty million years that is consistent with other radioactive species produced by the slow neutron capture process.”

Collaborative Science Illuminates Solar Origins

“Our result highlights how groundbreaking experimental facilities, collaboration across many research groups, and a lot of hard work can help us understand the processes in the cores of stars. With our new experimental result, we can uncover how long it took our Sun to form 4.6 billion years ago,” says Guy Leckenby, doctoral student from TRIUMF and first author of the publication.

The measured bound-state beta decay half-life is essential to analyze the accumulation of 205Pb in the interstellar medium. However, other nuclear reactions are also important including the neutron capture rate on 205Pb for which an experiment is planned utilizing the surrogate reaction method in the ESR. These results clearly illustrate the unique possibilities offered by the heavy-ion storage rings at GSI/FAIR allowing to bring the Universe to the lab.

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

Wednesday, April 2, 2025

Do we live in a simulation? Researcher claims he found proof of our universe’s source code

What if the universe isn’t as spontaneous as it seems? What if the galaxies, the laws of physics even you are all running on code? It’s a theory that’s captivated scientists and sci-fi fans alike. And now, a physicist says he may have found the universe’s source code.

The idea that we might be living in a simulation really took off in 2003, when Oxford philosopher Nick Bostrom suggested it could be more likely than not that our reality is a hyper-advanced computer program. Since then, researchers have been chasing signs of anything that might resemble a glitch in the matrix.

But physicist Michael Vopson is taking a different approach. Instead of looking for broken pixels in the cosmos, he’s searching for efficiency patterns that suggest our universe is built like a well-optimized algorithm. At the heart of his theory is something called the Second Law of Infodynamics.

Unlike the traditional laws of thermodynamics, which describe energy and entropy, Vopson’s law applies to information itself. He argues that over time, the universe doesn’t tend toward chaos but toward compressed order. He suggests the universe is operating like a vast data optimization program.

This behavior extends beyond physics, too. Genetic information, for instance, doesn’t behave as randomly as Darwinian theory might suggest. Instead, it seems to minimize information entropy over time in the same way a system is designed to store and transmit data as efficiently as possible. In short, Vopson believes this could be evidence of the universe’s source code at work.

Of course, not everyone’s convinced and why should they be? Some scientists are skeptical, saying the simulation theory treads dangerously close to pseudoscience or even theology dressed up in tech lingo. After all, is there a real difference between an all-powerful creator and a superintelligent programmer?

Still, Vopson’s claims open the door to a new way of looking at the cosmos. If he’s right, it means the universe isn’t just expanding: it’s compressing. Not into black holes, as stars do when they die, but into a beautifully ordered string of digital logic.

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

Tuesday, April 1, 2025

Quantum Teleportation Achieved Over Internet For The First Time

A quantum state of light was successfully teleported through more than 30 kilometers (around 18 miles) of fiber optic cable amid a torrent of internet traffic – a feat of engineering once considered impossible.

The impressive demonstration by researchers in the US in 2024 may not help you beam to work to beat the morning traffic, or download your favourite cat videos faster.

However, the ability to teleport quantum states through existing infrastructure represents a monumental step towards achieving a quantum-connected computing network, enhanced encryption, or powerful new methods of sensing.

"This is incredibly exciting because nobody thought it was possible," says Prem Kumar, a Northwestern University computing engineer who led the study.

"Our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and classical networks sharing a unified fiber optic infrastructure. Basically, it opens the door to pushing quantum communications to the next level."

Bearing a passing resemblance to Star Trek transport systems that ghost passengers across time and space in the blink of an eye, teleportation takes the quantum possibilities of an object in one location and, by carefully destroying it, forces the same balance of possibilities onto a similar object in another location.

Though acts of measuring the two objects seal their fates in the same instant, the process of entangling their quantum identities still requires sending a single wave of information between points in space.

Like fairy floss in a spring shower, the quantum state of any object is a hazy smear of possibility at risk of melting into reality moments after creation. Electromagnetic waves of radiation and the thermal bumping-and-grinding of moving particles quickly reduces the quantum significance into decoherence if it isn't protected in some way.

Shielding quantum states inside computers is one thing. Sending a single photon through optical fibers humming with bank transactions, cat videos, and text messages while protecting its quantum state is far more daunting. You might as well cast your quantum fairy floss into the Mississippi and hope it tastes as good at the end.

To preserve their lonely photon's precious state against a 400 gigabit-per-second current of internet traffic, the team of researchers applied a variety of techniques that restricted the photon's channel and reduced the chances it might scatter and mix with other waves."We carefully studied how light is scattered and placed our photons at a judicial point where that scattering mechanism is minimized," says Kumar.

"We found we could perform quantum communication without interference from the classical channels that are simultaneously present."

While other research groups have successfully transmitted quantum information alongside classical data streams in simulations of the internet, Kumar's team is the first to teleport a quantum state alongside an actual internet stream.

Each test further suggests the quantum internet is inevitable, giving computing engineers a whole new toolkit for measuring, monitoring, encrypting, and calculating our world like never before, without needing to reinvent the internet to do it.

"Quantum teleportation has the ability to provide quantum connectivity securely between geographically distant nodes," says Kumar.

"But many people have long assumed that nobody would build specialized infrastructure to send particles of light. If we choose the wavelengths properly, we won't have to build new infrastructure. Classical communications and quantum communications can coexist."

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

Saturday, March 29, 2025

“Infinite energy could exist” ― Is it possible to convert cosmic rays into electricity?

A new form of energy is being explored that is entirely renewable, cost effective, and environmentally friendly. Infinite energy sounds too good to be true, but is it?

What are these cosmic rays known as neutrinos?

In 2015, Japanese scientist, Takaaki Kajita and Canadian scientist, Arthur McDonald were awarded the Nobel Prize in Physics for their discovery that neutrinos have a mass. Neutrinos are the tiny subatomic particles that permeate just about everything in the universe.

These neutrinos, once thought to be massless, are capable of converting their miniscule mass into energy, in accordance with Einstein’s famous equation, E=mc2.

This equation underpins much of our contemporary understanding of the universe. This same theory posits that neutrinos can be used to generate energy on earth to power our homes, cars, and cell phones.

If it is possible, how would neutrino power work?

A neutrino power cell would work much like the photovoltaic cell (found in this fence that is revolutionising solar power) in solar panels. Part of the neutrino’s kinetic energy would be converted to electricity through the use of a neutrino power cell likely made of layers of silicon and carbon applied to a metallic substrate.

When the neutrinos hit the neutrino power cells, their resonance would be converted into the optimal resonating frequency for an electrical conductor.

What would the benefits of neutrino power be?

Though neutrino power cells function in much the same way as photovoltaic cells, there is one crucial way in which they differ they do not require sunlight. One of the greatest drawbacks of solar power is its reliance on the sun for its power. In regions where sunlight is scarce, solar power is not a viable means of producing electricity. Neutrino-generated electricity does not have this same constraint. It will work day and night, all year round.

Sounds good, but what are neutrino power’s potential drawbacks?

Some people in the scientific community are concerned that these particles could be damaging to humans and the environment due to the fact that they are highly ionizing and contain high amounts of energy. Additionally, because only a small amount of cosmic rays make it to earth, they would be very difficult to harvest and channel into electricity.

However, as technology develops and scientists create new ways of harvesting neutrinos (like Enhanced Air Dynamo collection technology), the possibility for the widespread use of neutrino power will only grow.

Because neutrino power cubes would generate much less power than solar power, our entire power system would need to be overhauled. Devices that require lots of electricity to run (like televisions) will need to be modified so that they require less electricity to operate.

Though the initial infrastructure cost would be substantial, the long-term benefits of this power would far outweigh the initial investment fee. Some estimates place the cost of neutrino power at 50% of the cost of solar power. As devices require less and less power to run, the potential viability of neutrino power looks more and more promising.

Are neutrinos the long-awaited key to “infinite power”?

It is hard to say with absolute certainty what neutrinos will mean for the way we produce and think about electricity. Despite this uncertainty, if neutrinos prove to be a viable means of producing electricity at scale, the possibilities are certainly infinite.

Neutrino power has the potential to fundamentally alter how we conceive of electricity. Electricity will cease to be the often tenuous resource it is now and will be come as natural to everyone on the globe as the air that we breathe. Infinite energy production is a hot-button issue (see this potentially infinite source of energy). Could neutrinos be the answer to all our energy needs? Only time will tell.