Physics Awards
Thursday, November 14, 2024
Quantum Tunneling Breakthrough: Technion Scientists Move Atoms With Precision
In a groundbreaking experiment at the Technion Faculty of Physics, researchers demonstrated the transfer of atoms via quantum tunneling using optical tweezers.
This novel method, which strategically avoids trapping atoms in the middle tweezer, represents a notable stride toward innovative quantum technologies.
This novel method, which strategically avoids trapping atoms in the middle tweezer, represents a notable stride toward innovative quantum technologies.
Quantum Tunneling in Optical Tweezers
A new experiment at the Technion Faculty of Physics demonstrates how atoms can be transferred between locations using quantum tunneling with optical tweezers. Led by Prof. Yoav Sagi and doctoral student Yanay Florshaim from the Solid State Institute, this research was published recently in Science Advances.
The experiment relies on optical tweezers, a powerful tool that uses focused laser beams to trap and manipulate tiny particles like atoms, molecules, and even living cells. Here’s how it works: when light interacts with matter, it creates a force proportional to the light’s intensity. This force, though too weak to impact larger objects, is strong enough to hold or move microscopic particles like atoms. The groundbreaking invention of optical tweezers, which earned physicist Arthur Ashkin the 2018 Nobel Prize in Physics, has become a vital technique in modern physics.
Quantum Tunneling in Action
In the Technion experiment, researchers arranged three optical tweezers in a line. By adjusting the distance between each pair of adjacent tweezers, they were able to dynamically control the rate of quantum tunneling between them. Quantum tunneling, a phenomenon exclusive to the quantum world, allows particles to pass through barriers they couldn’t overcome in classical physics. By dynamically controlling this tunneling rate, the team successfully transferred atoms between the two outer tweezers with remarkable precision and efficiency.
Quantum Theory and Atom Transfer
In addition, the researchers showed that although the atoms move between both sides of the chain, the likelihood of finding them in the middle tweezer is very low. This intriguing feature of the transfer scheme can be understood by recalling that in quantum theory, a particle is described by a wave packet.
In the scheme demonstrated in the experiment, the waves interfere destructively in the middle trap, making it impossible to find the atoms there. This is the first demonstration of this transfer method, and the researchers believe it could represent a significant milestone in the development of new quantum platforms.
Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.
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Wednesday, November 13, 2024
CERN’s Bold Quest To Discover New Physics Through Higgs Bosons
Since the launch of the Large Hadron Collider, researchers have been studying Higgs bosons and searching for signs of physics beyond the current model of elementary particles. Scientists working with the ATLAS detector have combined these two goals: their latest analysis has not only deepened our understanding of how Higgs bosons interact with each other but also placed stronger limits on potential “new physics” phenomena.
The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) achieved a major success with the discovery of the Higgs boson, the final missing piece of the Standard Model and a key to understanding the origin of mass in elementary particles. However, despite this breakthrough, researchers have yet to find any evidence of physics beyond the Standard Model, which has been a source of ongoing frustration. Scientists at CERN (the European Organization for Nuclear Research) in Geneva are now working to address this by improving the precision of Higgs boson measurements while actively searching for signs of “new physics.”
A recent study, conducted by CERN’s ATLAS experiment team and published in the Journal of High Energy Physics, exemplifies this dual approach. The team focused on observing events that led to the creation of two Higgs bosons, which then decay into multiple particles of the lepton family, primarily electrons and muons.
Exploring Higgs Boson Pair Production
Producing Higgs boson pairs is theoretically possible within the Standard Model, but it is so rare that scientists have not yet observed it in existing data. Some theoretical models beyond the Standard Model, however, suggest that Higgs boson pairs could be produced more frequently. If scientists can identify instances of Higgs boson pair production with current data, it would confirm the existence of a new, previously unknown class of physical phenomena. Consequently, the ATLAS experiment team has made this rare process the focus of their analysis.
“Experimental studies of the interactions of Higgs bosons with each other encounter a fundamental problem. It is this: in proton collisions at the LHC, Higgs bosons appear so infrequently that so far not a single event of Higgs boson pair production has been detected, which at first glance seems absolutely necessary if we want to look at interactions between these particles. How, then, can we study a phenomenon that has not yet been observed?” asks Dr. Bartlomiej Zabinski, a physicist at the Institute of Physics of the Polish Academy of Sciences (IPJ PAN) who coordinated the international team responsible for this analysis.
The Role of Machine Learning in Particle Physics
Within the Standard Model, increasingly precise predictions can be made about the probabilities of various known processes. A rationale for suggesting unexpected properties of Higgs bosons or the existence of new physics would be a discrepancy between theoretical predictions and actual data from the LHC detectors. Operating solely within the framework of the Standard Model, the physicists in the ATLAS experiment therefore simulated (together with the background) the signals that should appear in the detectors in the event of two Higgs boson phenomena, and then normalized the results according to the expected amount of data coming from their detector. The final step was to compare the values thus obtained with those derived from previous observations. The use of machine learning based on decision trees helped in the search for these rare processes.
“Our analysis of double Higgs boson production events in the final state with multiple leptons complements the studies already carried out on other final states. So far, we have not noticed anything in the data from our detectors that disagrees with the Standard Model. However, this result does not rule out the possibility of the existence of ‘new physics’ phenomena, but only informs us that their possible influence on the production of Higgs boson pairs remains too weak to be seen in the data collected so far,” concludes Dr. Zabinski.
Future Prospects at the LHC
In the coming years, the LHC is to undergo a major upgrade. The intensity of the beams will then increase tenfold, resulting in a significant increase in the number of recorded proton collisions. The limitations imposed by the current analysis on the production and parameters describing the interactions of Higgs bosons allow physicists to hope that perhaps already at the beginning of the next decade, it will be possible to select the first events of double Higgs production from more data and to verify today’s predictions in direct observations of the phenomenon.
Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.
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Tuesday, November 12, 2024
New Study Challenges Fundamental Spin-Statistics in Ion-Atom Collisions
A new study challenges traditional spin-statistics assumptions in ion-atom charge exchanges, revealing unexpected dynamics in C3+ and helium collisions and opening new avenues in quantum reactivity.
Since the first X-ray image of a comet was captured using an X-ray telescope in 1996, studying charge exchange in collisions between highly charged ions and atoms or molecules has become a hot research topic.
Astrophysicists require accurate atomic data to model observed X-ray spectra. Traditionally, the charge exchange is assumed to follow statistical rules regarding the total spin quantum number. These assumptions of pure spin statistics are of fundamental importance across various fields.
New Findings Challenge Established Assumptions
However, a new study published in Physical Review Letters on Oct. 22 has challenged these assumptions by providing direct evidence of the breakdown of spin statistics in ion-atom charge exchange collisions. This study was led by scientists from the Institute of Modern Physics (IMP) of the Chinese Academy of Sciences (CAS).
The experiment was performed at the low-energy terminals of the Heavy Ion Research Facility in Lanzhou, employing a high-resolution reaction microscope, which is characterized by high precision, sensitivity, and detection efficiency. Neutral helium was used as a target in collisions with C3+ ions in the experiment.
“The C3+ ion is a good candidate for this study because it has no long-lived excited states and is always in its ground state in the collision region. Using the reaction microscope, we can easily determine the atomic states at the moment of electron capture in collisions, overcoming the difficulties encountered in previous experiments. Thus, it is relatively easier to accurately analyze the underlying mechanisms,” said Prof. Xiaolong Zhu from IMP, the first author of this study.
Through experimental and theoretical approaches, scientists directly measured spin-resolved cross-section ratios, as a probe of spin statistics, which demonstrated the breakdown of spin-statistics assumptions at high-impact energies where they are traditionally expected to be valid.
“The novel finding raises intriguing questions both in understanding the electronic dynamics during such fast collisional processes and in exploring quantum manipulation of atomic and molecular reactivity,” said Prof. Xinwen Ma from IMP, one of the corresponding authors of the study.
Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.
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Monday, November 11, 2024
Discover the Quantum Power Hidden Inside Diamonds
The SPINNING project, under the leadership of the Fraunhofer Institute, is pioneering a quantum computer using diamond-based spin photons, promising lower cooling requirements, longer operating times, and lower error rates compared to conventional quantum systems.
This innovative approach leverages the unique properties of diamonds to create stable qubits, aiming for high scalability and fidelity in quantum computing. Recent achievements include the successful demonstration of qubit entanglement over long distances, significantly outperforming traditional quantum computers in error rate and coherence time.
The SPINNING Project: Innovating With Diamond-Based Technology
Quantum computers promise to solve complex problems in seconds, tasks that would take modern supercomputers decades to complete. While the goal of achieving this capability is clear, the path remains uncertain due to multiple competing approaches to building quantum systems. Each approach comes with its own strengths and limitations in areas such as hardware reliability, energy efficiency, and compatibility with existing technology.
Coordinated by the Fraunhofer Institute for Applied Solid State Physics IAF, a consortium of 28 partners is developing a unique quantum computer through the “SPINNING Diamond spin-photon-based quantum computer” project. This diamond-based, spin-photon model is expected to require less cooling, operate for longer periods, and have lower error rates than other quantum computing technologies. Its hybrid design also enhances scalability and connectivity, allowing for more flexible integration with traditional computing systems.
Creating Qubits With Diamond Color Centers
“In the SPINNING project, we want to make an important contribution to the German quantum technology ecosystem. To this end, we are using the material properties of diamond to develop a quantum computing technology that can be just as powerful as the other technologies but has none of their specific weaknesses. We create qubits using color centers in the diamond lattice by trapping an electron in one of four artificially created lattice defects (vacancy centers) doped with nitrogen (NV), silicon and nitrogen (SiNV), germanium (GeV) or tin (SnV). The electron spin couples through magnetic interaction with five nuclear spins of neighboring 13C carbon isotopes. The central electron spin can then be used as an addressable qubit,” explains Prof. Dr. Rüdiger Quay, coordinator of the SPINNING network and institute director at Fraunhofer IAF.
“The individual qubits form a matrix structure, the qubit register. The SPINNING quantum computer will consist of at least two and later up to four of these registers, which in turn will be optically coupled over long distances of 20 m, for example, so that a comprehensive exchange of information can take place,” Quay continues. The optical coupling between the central electron spins and registers is realized by an optical router in combination with a light source and a detector for readout. The individual states of the nuclear spins are controlled by high-frequency pulses.
Project Milestones and Technological Achievements
On the occasion of the mid-term meeting of the funding measure Quantum Computer Demonstration Setups of the Federal Ministry of Education and Research (BMBF), under which SPINNING is funded, the consortium presented the interim project results on October 22 and 23, 2024, in Berlin. They are characterized by remarkable successes. For the first time, the project team successfully demonstrated the entanglement of two registers of six qubits each over a distance of 20 m and achieved a high mean fidelity (in the sense of the similarity of the entangled states).
Further project successes include significant improvements in the central hardware and software as well as the peripherals for the spin-photon-based quantum computer: The basic material and its processing, the realization of color centers in diamond for the generation of qubits, could be improved as well as the technology of the photonic resonators. The basis for this was a better understanding of the four types of defects in the diamond lattice and the error mitigation of diamond-based qubits. The consortium also succeeded in developing the electronics required to operate the quantum computer and demonstrating the first applications of the quantum computer for artificial intelligence.
Comparing Diamond-Based Quantum Computing to Conventional Methods
The exemplary comparison of the interim results of SPINNING with the key indicators of quantum computers based on superconducting Josephson junctions (SJJs) underlines the value of the work done in the project as, to date, many times more resources have been invested worldwide into the latter’s development. With an error rate of < 0.5%, the spin-photon-based quantum computer comprising twelve qubits to date achieves the same result in the one-qubit gate as the prominent SJJ models Eagle (127 qubits) and Heron (154 qubits).
In terms of coherence time, the spin-photon-based quantum computer with a length of over 10 ms clearly outperforms the SSJ models (> 50 µs), although the distance for entanglement is many times greater at 20 m compared to a few millimeters.
Future Directions and Ongoing Challenges
The remaining technical challenges until the end of the project include the further development of the resonator design towards improved reproducibility and more precise alignment. On the other hand, the researchers are working on further improving the software for automatic control of the spin-photon-based quantum computer’s routing.
Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.
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