Magnetism Redefined: The Nanoscale Discovery Powering Future Technology

Researchers have discovered unseen interactions that could impact the future of electronics.

University of Missouri researchers have discovered a new quasiparticle in magnetic materials, challenging static notions of magnetism. This breakthrough could transform electronics and spintronics, leveraging electron spin for energy-efficient innovations like longer-lasting batteries.

Explore a world so minuscule it defies imagination  the nanoscale. To picture it, take a single strand of hair and shrink it a million times. At this tiny scale, atoms and molecules act as master architects, crafting properties and behaviors that remain largely unexplored  until now.

Researchers Deepak Singh and Carsten Ullrich from the University of Missouri’s College of Arts and Science, together with their teams of students and postdoctoral fellows, have uncovered a groundbreaking phenomenon: a new type of quasiparticle present in all magnetic materials, regardless of their strength or temperature.

This discovery challenges long-standing beliefs about magnetism, revealing it to be far more dynamic and complex than previously understood.

“We’ve all seen the bubbles that form in sparkling water or other carbonated drink products,” said Ullrich, Curators’ Distinguished Professor of Physics and Astronomy. “The quasiparticles are like those bubbles, and we found they can freely move around at remarkably fast speeds.”

This discovery could help the development of a new generation of electronics that are faster, smarter, and more energy efficient. But first, scientists need to determine how this finding could work into those processes.

One scientific field that could directly benefit from the researchers’ discovery is spintronics, or “spin electronics.” While traditional electronics use the electrical charge of electrons to store and process information, spintronics uses the natural spin of electrons  a property that is intrinsically linked to the quantum nature of electrons, Ullrich said.

For instance, a cell phone battery could last for hundreds of hours on one charge when powered by spintronics, said Singh, an associate professor of physics and astronomy who specializes in spintronics.

“The spin nature of these electrons is responsible for the magnetic phenomena,” Singh said. “Electrons have two properties: a charge and a spin. So, instead of using the conventional charge, we use the rotational, or spinning, property. It’s more efficient because the spin dissipates much less energy than the charge.”

Singh’s team, including former graduate student Jiason Guo, handled the experiments, using Singh’s years of expertise with magnetic materials to refine their properties. Ullrich’s team, with postdoctoral researcher Daniel Hill, analyzed Singh’s results and created models to explain the unique behavior they were observing under powerful spectrometers located at Oak Ridge National Laboratory.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Revealing Hidden Spin Patterns: How Lasers Unlock the Quantum World

A groundbreaking technique using time-resolved electron microscopy and multi-polarization lasers has allowed scientists to analyze plasmonic waves with great precision.

This method helped uncover the stable and dynamic nature of meron pairs’ spin textures, opening new avenues in nanoscale technology.

Advancing Plasmonics with Multi-Polarization Laser Techniques

Plasmons are the collective vibrations of electrons in a solid, playing a key role in various applications such as sensing, catalysis, and light harvesting. A specific type of plasmonic wave, known as surface plasmon polaritons, travels along metal surfaces and is known for its ability to enhance electromagnetic fields. One cutting-edge tool for studying these waves is time-resolved electron microscopy, which employs ultrashort laser pulses to reveal their behavior. Recently, an international team of researchers made significant advancements in this technique.

According to a report in Advanced Photonics, the team used multiple time-delayed laser pulses with four different polarizations to capture the complete electric field of the waves. This innovative approach achieved a level of precision that was previously unattainable. To put their method to the test, the researchers studied a specific spin texture called a meron pair. A meron is a topological structure where the spin direction covers only half of a sphere, unlike similar structures such as skyrmions, which cover an entire sphere.

Spin Texture Analysis and Topological Insights

To reconstruct the spin texture from the experiment, the researchers needed the electric and magnetic field vectors of the surface plasmon polaritons. While the electric field vectors could be directly measured, the magnetic field vectors had to be calculated based on the electric field’s behavior over time and space. By using their precise method, the researchers were able to reconstruct the spin texture and determine its topological properties, such as the Chern number, which describes the number of times the spin texture maps onto a sphere. In this case, the Chern number was found to be one, indicating the presence of a meron pair.

Broader Implications and Future Applications

The study also demonstrated that the spin texture remains stable throughout the duration of the plasmonic pulse, despite the fast rotation of the electric and magnetic field vectors. This new approach is not limited to meron pairs and can be applied to other complex surface plasmon polariton fields. Understanding these fields and their topological properties is important, especially at the nanoscale, where topological protection can help maintain the stability of materials and devices.

This research shows that it is now possible to study complex spin textures with high precision on extremely short timescales. The ability to accurately reconstruct the full electric and magnetic fields of surface plasmon polaritons opens new possibilities for exploring the topological properties of electromagnetic near fields, which may have important implications for future technologies at the nanoscale.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Quantum Leap: Scientists Successfully Control New Energy Range States

Scientists have controlled hybrid quantum states in helium using intense ultraviolet lasers, opening new paths in quantum research.

An international team of scientists, led by Dr. Lukas Bruder, a junior research group leader at the University of Freiburg’s Institute of Physics, has successfully created and controlled hybrid electron-photon quantum states in helium atoms.

The team accomplished this by generating specially designed, highly intense extreme ultraviolet light pulses using the FERMI free electron laser in Trieste, Italy. By employing an innovative laser pulse-shaping technique, they were able to precisely control these hybrid quantum states. The groundbreaking findings have been published in Nature.

Strong light fields can create new quantum states

As long as electrons are bound to an atom, their energy can only be of certain values. These energy values depend primarily on the atoms themselves. However, if an atom is in the beam of a very intense laser, the energy levels shift.

Hybrid electron-photon states are created, known as ‘dressed states’. These occur at laser intensities in the range of ten to a hundred trillion watts per square centimeter. In order to be able to produce and control these special quantum states, laser pulses are necessary that achieve such intensities within a short time window of only a few trillionths of a second.

Free electron laser for producing laser radiation in the extreme ultraviolet range

For their experiment, the scientists used the FERMI free electron laser which allows generation of laser light in the extreme ultraviolet spectral range at very high intensity. This extreme ultraviolet radiation has a wavelength of less than 100 nanometers, which is necessary to manipulate the electron states in helium atoms.

In order to control the electron-photon states, the researchers used laser pulses that dispersed or contracted depending on the scenario. To this end, they adjusted the time lag of the different color components of the laser radiation. The properties of the laser pulses were controlled using a ‘seed laser pulse’, which preconditioned the emission of the free electron laser.

“Our research enabled us for the first time to directly control these transient quantum states in a helium atom,” says Bruder. “The technique we’ve developed opens up a new field of research: this includes new opportunities for making experiments with free electron lasers more efficient and selective or for gaining new insights into fundamental quantum systems, which are not accessible with visible light. In particular, it may now be possible to develop methods to study or even control chemical reactions with atomic precision.”

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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