China’s Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP) in Beijing is pioneering innovative approaches in quantum computing and quantum machine learning to open up new research pathways within its particle physics programme, as Hideki Okawa, Weidong Li and Jun Cao explain
The Institute of High Energy Physics (IHEP), part of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, is the largest basic science laboratory in China. It hosts a multidisciplinary research programme spanning elementary particle physics, astrophysics as well as the planning, design and construction of large-scale accelerator projects – including the China Spallation Neutron Source, which launched in 2018, and the High Energy Photon Source, due to come online in 2025. While investment in IHEP’s experimental infrastructure has ramped dramatically over the past 20 years, the development and application of quantum machine-learning and quantum-computing technologies is now poised to yield similarly far-reaching outcomes within the IHEP research programme. Big science, quantum solutions High-energy physics is where “big science” meets “big data”. Discovering new particles and probing the fundamental laws of nature are endeavours that produce incredible volumes of data. The Large Hadron Collider (LHC) at CERN generates petabytes (1015 bytes) of data during its experimental runs – all of which must be processed and analysed with the help of grid computing, a distributed infrastructure that networks computing resources worldwide.
Back to quantum basics Quantum computers, as the name implies, exploit the fundamental principles of quantum mechanics. Similar to classical computers, which rely on the binary bits that take the value of either 0 or 1, quantum computers exploit quantum binary bits, but as a superposition of 0 and 1 states. This superposition, coupled with quantum entanglement (correlations among quantum bits), in principle enables quantum computers to perform some types of calculation significantly faster than classical machines – for example, quantum simulations applied in various areas of quantum chemistry and molecular reaction kinetics. While the opportunities for science and the wider economy appear compelling, one of the big engineering headaches associated with early-stage quantum computers is their vulnerability to environmental noise. Qubits are all-too-easily disturbed, for example, by their interactions with Earth’s magnetic field or stray electromagnetic fields from mobile phones and WiFi networks. Interactions with cosmic rays can also be problematic, as can interference between neighbouring qubits.
International Research Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science
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