New analysis supports Einstein’s relativity and narrows neutrino mass ranges, hinting at evolving dark energy.
Gravity, the fundamental force sculpting the universe, has shaped tiny variations in matter from the early cosmos into the vast networks of galaxies we see today. Using data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), scientists have traced the evolution of these cosmic structures over the past 11 billion years. This research represents the most precise large-scale test of gravity ever conducted, offering unprecedented insights into the universe’s formation and behavior.
Researcher Héctor Gil Marín, from the Faculty of Physics and the Institute of Cosmos Sciences of the University of Barcelona (ICCUB), has co-led this new analysis and says that “these data allow us to study how fast the largest structures of the Universe have formed, to put limits to Einstein’s General Relativity theory at cosmological scales much larger than those of the solar system.” The researcher, who is also a member of the Institute for Space Studies of Catalonia (IEEC), adds that “for now, the results fit perfectly with the predictions of Einstein’s General Relativity theory.”
The study also provides a new upper limit on the mass of neutrinos, whose only elementary particles have not yet had their masses measured. Previous experiments revealed that the sum of the masses of the three types of neutrinos should be at least 0.059 eV/c2 (for comparison, that of the electron is 511 000 eV/c2). The DESI results indicate that this sum should be less than 0.071 eV/c2, which leaves a very narrow window for the possible values of the neutrino masses.
The DESI collaboration has presented the new results in several scientific papers available in the arXiv repository. The complex analysis of the data used nearly six million galaxies and quasars located at distances ranging from one to eleven billion light-years from Earth
The results presented today are an in-depth analysis of data from the first year of DESI, which in April presented the largest 3D map of the Universe ever made and found some hints that dark energy may be changing over time. The results published then focused on a particular property of the spatial distribution of galaxies, known as baryon acoustic oscillations (BAOs). This new analysis incorporates all the information contained in the shape of the power spectrum and extends the scope of the above to extract more information from the data, allowing the distribution of galaxies and matter to be measured on different spatial scales. The study has required months of work and additional checks. As in the previous case, they have used a blind analysis technique that hides the results until the end, to mitigate any bias.
Eusebio Sánchez, a researcher at the Research Center for Energy, Environment and Technology (CIEMAT) who has collaborated in the analysis of the data, says that “the results obtained with the first year of DESI data are stunning.” And he clarifies that “this is only the beginning, the project is taking more data that will allow us to improve our current knowledge of gravity and dark energy.”
Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.
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