Physics Awards: December 2024

Tuesday, December 31, 2024

Twisted Edison: How Spiraling Light Could Transform Autonomous Vision

Researchers at the University of Michigan discovered a way to produce bright, twisted light using technology akin to an Edison bulb.

This breakthrough revisits the principles of blackbody radiation, offering the potential for advanced robotic vision systems capable of distinguishing subtle variations in light properties, such as those emitted by living organisms or objects.

Bright, Twisted Light: A Surprising Innovation

Researchers at the University of Michigan have demonstrated that bright, twisted light can be generated using technology reminiscent of Edison’s iconic light bulb. This discovery not only deepens our understanding of fundamental physics but also opens new possibilities for robotic vision systems and other applications involving light that spirals through space in a helical pattern.

“It’s hard to generate enough brightness when producing twisted light with traditional ways like electron or photon luminescence,” explained Jun Lu, an adjunct research investigator in chemical engineering at U-M and first author of the study, which is featured on the cover of Science this week.

Revisiting an Old Idea for New Physics

“We gradually noticed that we actually have a very old way to generate these photons not relying on photon and electron excitations, but like the bulb Edison developed.”

Every object with any heat to it, including yourself, is constantly sending out photons (particles of light) in a spectrum tied to its temperature. When the object is the same temperature as its surroundings, it is also absorbing an equivalent amount of photons this is idealized as “blackbody radiation” because the color black absorbs all photon frequencies.

While a tungsten lightbulb’s filament is much warmer than its surroundings, the law defining blackbody radiation Planck’s law offers a good approximation of the spectrum of photons it sends out. All together, the visible photons look like white light, but when you pass the light through a prism, you can see the rainbow of different photons within it.

This radiation is also why you show up brightly in a thermal image, but even room-temperature objects are constantly emitting and receiving blackbody photons, making them dimly visible as well.

Shape and Polarization: A New Perspective

Typically, the shape of the object emitting the radiation doesn’t get much consideration for most purposes (as so often in physics), the object can be imagined as a sphere. But while shape doesn’t affect the spectrum of wavelengths of the different photons, it can affect a different property: their polarization.

Usually, photons from a blackbody source are randomly polarized their waves may oscillate along any axis. The new study revealed that if the emitter was twisted at the micro or nanoscale, with the length of each twist similar to the wavelength of the emitted light, the blackbody radiation would be twisted too. The strength of the twisting in the light, or its elliptical polarization, depended on two main factors: how close the wavelength of the photon was to the length of each twist and the electronic properties of the materialnanocarbon or metal, in this case.

Chiral Light and Robotic Vision

Twisted light is also called “chiral” because the clockwise and counterclockwise rotations are mirror images of one another. The study was undertaken to demonstrate the premise of a more applied project that the Michigan team would like to pursue: using chiral blackbody radiation to identify objects. They envision robots and self-driving cars that can see like mantis shrimp, differentiating among light waves with different directions of twirl and degrees of twistedness.

Real-World Applications for Twisted Light

“The advancements in physics of blackbody radiation by chiral nanostructures is central to this study. Such emitters are everywhere around us,” said Nicholas Kotov, the Irving Langmuir Distinguished Professor of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, director of NSF Center of Complex Particles and Particle Systems (COMPASS) and corresponding author of the study.

“These findings, for example, could be important for an autonomous vehicle to tell the difference between a deer and a human, which emit light with similar wavelengths but different helicity because deer fur has a different curl from our fabric.”

Brightness and Future Challenges

While brightness is the main advantage of this method for producing twisted light up to 100 times brighter than other approaches the light includes a broad spectrum of both wavelengths and twists. The team has ideas about how to address this, including exploring the possibility of building a laser that relies on twisted light-emitting structures.

Kotov also wants to explore further into the infrared spectrum. The peak wavelength of blackbody radiation at room temperature is roughly 10,000 nanometers or 0.01 millimeters.

“This is an area of the spectrum with a lot of noise, but it may be possible to enhance contrast through their elliptical polarization,” Kotov said.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Saturday, December 28, 2024

Scientists Discover Rare Hypernuclei #sciencefather #HEPawards #High ner...

Quantum Teleportation Now Possible Over Everyday Internet Cable In Huge Breakthrough

In simple terms, quantum teleportation involves sending information from one place to another using something called "quantum entanglement".

In a groundbreaking scientific achievement, researchers have figured out a way to achieve the unthinkable: quantum teleportation. While the name may suggest that humans could be teleported through the technology, it is far from the real-life implication of the technology. Quantum teleportation allows the transfer of information instantly and over any distance without needing any future technology. Led by Prem Kumar from Northwestern University, Illinois, US, scientists demonstrated quantum teleportation over standard fibre optic cable that already carries everyday internet traffic, according to a report in ScieneAlert.

In simple terms, quantum teleportation involves sending information from one place to another using something called "quantum entanglement". Think of entanglement like an invisible twin connection where two particles, even if miles apart, are linked in a way that what happens to one instantly affects the other. Unlike sending a physical object, you are sending the state or condition of a particle.

"This is incredibly exciting because nobody thought it was possible. Our work shows a path towards next-generation quantum and classical networks sharing a unified fibre optic infrastructure. Basically, it opens the door to pushing quantum communications to the next level," said Mr Kumar.

The study involved the careful management of light scattering to ensure that the delicate quantum information, carried by photons, could survive amidst the swarm of internet data. To achieve the desired result, the scientists utilised a specific wavelength for the quantum signal and implemented filters to minimise interference from other data streams.

"We carefully studied how light is scattered and placed our photons at a judicial point where that scattering mechanism is minimised. We found we could perform quantum communication without interference from the classical channels that are simultaneously present," added Mr Kumar.

The result was a successful teleportation of a quantum state of light, which represents a significant leap towards integrating quantum communication with existing internet infrastructure. Notably, this was not just a simulation; it was done in real-world conditions, showcasing the practical viability of quantum communication alongside traditional data transmission.

One of the biggest appeals of quantum teleportation is that it can occur almost as fast as light travels. The development is a big step towards quantum internet that could revolutionise traditional computing. From secure encryption methods to enhanced sensing capabilities to potentially even connecting quantum computers on a global scale, without needing specialised infrastructure the potential for the technology remains immense.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Friday, December 27, 2024

Light Uncovers Hidden Physics in Superconductors

New light-based studies of Bi2212 superconductors reveal key insights into high-temperature superconductivity, advancing the quest for room-temperature applications.

Copper-oxide (CuO2) superconductors, including Bi2Sr2CaCu2O8+δ (Bi2212), are notable for their unusually high critical temperatures. Previous studies using optical reflectivity measurements revealed that Bi2212 exhibits strong optical anisotropy, meaning its optical properties change depending on the direction of incoming light. However, its optical anisotropy had not been thoroughly explored through optical transmittance measurements, which provide more direct insights into the material’s internal structure.

Recently, researchers used ultraviolet and visible light transmittance techniques on lead-doped Bi2212 single crystals, uncovering the source of this anisotropy and paving the way for a deeper understanding of its superconducting mechanisms.

High-Temperature Superconductors

Superconductors are materials that can conduct electricity with zero resistance when cooled below a specific critical temperature. This unique property makes them essential for cutting-edge technologies like electric motors, power generators, high-speed maglev trains, and magnetic resonance imaging (MRI).

Among superconductors, copper-oxide-based materials such as Bi2212 are particularly remarkable because they function at relatively high temperatures, exceeding the theoretical superconductivity limit set by the Bardeen–Cooper–Schrieffer (BCS) theory. Despite decades of research, the underlying mechanism behind superconductivity in these high-temperature materials remains one of the most compelling mysteries in physics.

Exploring Optical Anisotropy in Superconductors

A key piece of the puzzle lies in the two-dimensional CuO2 crystal plane of these materials, which has been extensively studied using various experiments. Measurements of optical reflectivity, which analyze how light of varying wavelengths reflects off the crystal plane from different directions reveal that Bi2212 displays pronounced optical anisotropy in both its “ab” and “ac” crystal planes.

Optical anisotropy describes the variation in a material’s optical properties based on the direction in which light travels through it. Now, while reflectivity measurements have provided valuable information, studying how light passes through a crystal at different wavelengths via optical “transmittance” measurements of the optical anisotropy of Bi2212 can offer more direct insights into bulk properties. However, such studies have been rarely conducted before.

Innovative Research Approaches in Superconductivity

To bridge this gap, a Japanese research team, led by Professor Dr. Toru Asahi, Researcher Dr. Kenta Nakagawa, and master’s student Keigo Tokita from the Faculty of Science and Engineering, Comprehensive Research Organization at Waseda University, investigated the origin of the strong optical anisotropy of lead-doped Bi2212 single crystals using ultraviolet and visible light transmittance measurements.

Elaborating further, Prof. Dr. Asahi shares that, “Achieving room-temperature superconductivity has long been a dream, requiring an understanding of superconducting mechanisms in high-temperature superconductors. Our unique approach of using ultraviolet-visible light transmission measurements as a probe enables us to elucidate these mechanisms in Bi2212, taking us one step closer to this goal.”

The study, also involving Prof. Dr. Masaki Fujita from the Institute for Materials Research at Tohoku University, was published recently in the journal Scientific Reports.

Advances in Understanding Optical Anisotropy

In their previous work, the researchers studied the wavelength dependence of Bi2212’s optical anisotropy at room temperature along its “c” crystal axis, using a generalized high-accuracy universal polarimeter. This powerful instrument allows simultaneous transmission measurements of optical anisotropy markers linear birefringence (LB) and linear dichroism (LD) along with optical activity (OA) and circular dichroism (CD) in the ultraviolet-to-visible light region. Their earlier findings revealed significant peaks in the LB and LD spectra, which they hypothesize to be coming from incommensurate modulation of Bi2212’s crystal structure, characterized by periodic variations that are not commensurate with the usual pattern of its atomic arrangements.

To clarify whether this is indeed the case, the team investigated the optical anisotropy of lead-doped Bi2212 crystals in this study. “Previous studies have shown that the partial substitution of Bi by Pb in Bi2212 crystals suppresses incommensurate modulation,” explains Mr. Tokita. To this end, the team fabricated single cylindrical crystals of Bi2212 with varying lead content using the floating zone method. Ultrathin plate specimens, which allow the transmission of ultraviolet and visible light, were then obtained from these crystals by exfoliation with water-soluble tape.

The experiments revealed that the large peaks in the LB and LD spectra reduced considerably with increasing lead content, consistent with the suppression of incommensurate modulation. This reduction is crucial as it allows for more accurate measurement of OA and CD in future experiments.

Commenting on these findings, Prof. Dr. Asahi remarks, “This finding enables investigation into the presence or absence of symmetry breaking in the pseudo-gap and superconducting phases, a critical issue in understanding the mechanism of high-temperature superconductivity. It contributes to the development of new high-temperature superconductors.”

This study marks a crucial step in the quest for room-temperature superconductivity, a breakthrough that could revolutionize technologies ranging from energy transmission to medical imaging and transportation.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Thursday, December 26, 2024

Mind Blowing Light Tricks in Space #sciencefather #HEP awards #physics #...

Einstein Meets Newton: Scientists Demonstrate New Aspect of Wave-Particle Duality

Linköping University’s experiment confirms a key theoretical link between quantum mechanics and information theory, highlighting future implications for quantum technology and secure communication.

Researchers at Linköping University and their collaborators have successfully confirmed a decade-old theory linking the complementarity principle a fundamental concept in quantum mechanics with information theory. Their study, published in the journal Science Advances, provides valuable insights for understanding future quantum communication, metrology, and cryptography.

“Our results have no clear or direct application right now. It’s basic research that lays the foundation for future technologies in quantum information and quantum computers. There’s enormous potential for completely new discoveries in many different research fields,” says Guilherme B Xavier, researcher in quantum communication at Linköping University, Sweden.

Historical Context of Wave-Particle Duality

To understand what the researchers have demonstrated, we must start from the beginning. That light can be both particles and waves is one of the most illogical but at the same time fundamental characteristics of quantum mechanics. This is called wave-particle duality.

The theory dates back to the 17th century when Isaac Newton suggested that light is composed of particles. Other contemporary scholars believed that light consists of waves. Newton finally suggested that it might be both without being able to prove it. In the 19th century, several physicists performed various experiments that showed that light actually consisted of waves.

However, around the early 1900s, both Max Planck and Albert Einstein challenged the theory that light is just waves. However, it was not until the 1920s that physicist Arthur Compton could show that light also had kinetic energy, a classical particle property. The particles were named photons. Thus, it was concluded that light can be both particles and waves, exactly as Newton suggested. Electrons and other elementary particles also exhibit this wave-particle duality.

The Complementarity Principle and Entropic Uncertainty

However, it is not possible to measure the same photon in the form of a wave and a particle. Depending on how the photon is measured, either waves or particles are visible. This is known as the complementarity principle, which was developed by Niels Bohr in the mid-1920s. It states that no matter what one decides to measure, the combination of wave and particle characteristics must be constant.

In 2014, a research team from Singapore demonstrated mathematically a direct connection between the complementarity principle and the degree of unknown information in a quantum system, the so-called entropic uncertainty. This connection means that no matter what combination of wave or particle characteristic of a quantum system is looked at, the amount of unknown information is at least one bit of information, i.e., the unmeasurable wave or particle.

Linköping University’s Experimental Confirmation

Researchers from Linköping University, together with colleagues from Poland and Chile, have now confirmed the Singapore researchers’ theory in reality with the help of a new type of experiment.

“From our perspective, it’s a very direct way to show basic quantum mechanical behaviour. It’s a typical example of quantum physics where we can see the results, but we cannot visualise what is going on inside the experiment. And yet it can be used for practical applications. It’s very fascinating and almost borders on philosophy,” says Guilherme B Xavier.

In their new experiment set-up, the Linköping researchers used photons moving forward in a circular motion, called orbital angular momentum, unlike the more common oscillating motion, which is up and down. The choice of orbital angular momentum allows for future practical applications of the experiment because it can contain more information.

The measurements are made in an instrument commonly used in research called an interferometer, where the photons are shot at a crystal (beam splitter) that splits the path of the photons into two new paths, which are then reflected so as to cross each other onto a second beam splitter and then measured as either particles or waves depending on the state of this second device.

Tuesday, December 24, 2024

Dark Energy is Misidentification of Variations in Kinetic Energy of Universe’s Expansion

Dark energy an unknown energy source that is causing our Universe’s expansion to accelerate doesn’t actually exist, according to new research.

Dark energy is commonly thought to be a weak anti-gravity force which acts independently of matter and makes up around two thirds of the mass-energy density of the Universe.

The Lambda Cold Dark Matter (ΛCDM) model, which has served as the standard cosmological model for quarter of a century, requires dark energy to explain the observed acceleration in the rate at which the cosmos is expanding.

Astrophysicists base this conclusion on measurements of the distances to supernova explosions in distant galaxies, which appear to be farther away than they should be if the Universe’s expansion were not accelerating.

However, the present expansion rate of the Universe is increasingly being challenged by new observations.

Firstly, evidence from the afterglow of the Big Bang the Cosmic Microwave Background shows the expansion of the early Universe is at odds with current expansion, an anomaly known as the Hubble tension.

In addition, in an analysis of new high precision data from the Dark Energy Spectroscopic Instrument (DESI), scientists found that the ΛCDM model does not fit as well as models in which dark energy is evolving over time, rather than remaining constant.

Both the Hubble tension and the surprises revealed by DESI are difficult to resolve in models which use a simplified 100-year-old cosmic expansion law Friedmann’s equation.

This assumes that, on average, the Universe expands uniformly as if all cosmic structures could be put through a blender to make a featureless soup, with no complicating structure.

However, the present Universe actually contains a complex cosmic web of galaxy clusters in sheets and filaments that surround and thread vast empty voids.

“Our findings show that we do not need dark energy to explain why the Universe appears to expand at an accelerating rate,” said Professor David Wiltshire.

“Dark energy is a misidentification of variations in the kinetic energy of expansion, which is not uniform in a Universe as lumpy as the one we actually live in.”

“The research provides compelling evidence that may resolve some of the key questions around the quirks of our expanding cosmos.”

“With new data, the Universe’s biggest mystery could be settled by the end of the decade.”

The new evidence supports the timescape model of cosmic expansion, which doesn’t have a need for dark energy because the differences in stretching light aren’t the result of an accelerating Universe but instead a consequence of how we calibrate time and distance.

It takes into account that gravity slows time, so an ideal clock in empty space ticks faster than inside a galaxy.

The model suggests that a clock in the Milky Way would be about 35% slower than the same one at an average position in large cosmic voids, meaning billions more years would have passed in voids.

This would in turn allow more expansion of space, making it seem like the expansion is getting faster when such vast empty voids grow to dominate the Universe.

“We now have so much data that in the 21st century we can finally answer the question how and why does a simple average expansion law emerge from complexity?” Professor Wiltshire said.

“A simple expansion law consistent with Einstein’s general relativity does not have to obey Friedmann’s equation.”

“ESA’s Euclid satellite, which was launched in July 2023, has the power to test and distinguish the Friedmann equation from the timescape alternative.”

“However, this will require at least 1,000 independent high quality supernovae observations.”

Swarm of Black Holes Found in Star Cluster #sciencefather #HEP awards #B...

Monday, December 23, 2024

Scientists Discover Magic at the Large Hadron Collider #sciencefather #H...

Swarm of Black Holes Found Lurking in The Heart of a Giant Star Cluster

The plot has just thickened in the mystery tale about the unseen mass skulking inside the largest cluster of stars in the Milky Way galaxy.

In the heart of Omega Centauri, a huge glob of gravitationally bound stars over 17,000 light-years away, astronomers have just uncovered evidence of an entire swarm of stellar-mass black holes.

This discovery presents some interesting problems, centered around the fact that previous research suggested the mass was one big black hole, thousands of times the mass of the Sun. But learning the true nature of the darkness that lurks in Omega Centauri brings us closer to solving those problems.

"We have long known about supermassive black holes at galaxy centers and smaller stellar-mass black holes within our own galaxy. However, the idea of intermediate-mass black holes, which could bridge the gap between these extremes, remains unproven," explains astrophysicist Andrés Bañares Hernández of the Institute of Astrophysics of the Canary Islands in Spain.

"By studying Omega Centauri a remnant of a dwarf galaxy we have been able to refine our methods and take a step forward in understanding whether such black holes exist and what role they might play in the evolution of star clusters and galaxies. This work helps resolve a two-decade-long debate and opens new doors for future exploration."

Omega Centauri is a globular cluster a large, dense, spherical glob of stars bound tightly together by gravity. It's around 150 light-years in diameter, and contains an estimated 10 million stars. It's thought to be the remnant core of a dwarf galaxy, the Gaia Sausage, that was long ago absorbed into the Milky Way.

Astronomers think that dwarf galaxies may be like full-size galaxies in miniature; rather than a supermassive black hole at its core, with a mass of millions to billions of times that of the Sun, a dwarf galaxy may contain an intermediate-mass black hole, one that is between a hundred and a million Suns.

Intermediate-mass black holes, or IMBHs, are highly sought by astronomers. We think they exist, because there needs to be some kind of link between the stellar-mass black holes that form from dead massive stars, and the supermassive monsters around which galaxies swirl, but we've found very little evidence for them.

But black holes, unless they are actively feeding, don't really give their location away easily. We need to find indirect evidence that they are there. A lot of research has gone into tracking the movements of stars inside Omega Centauri, to see if their motions can be explained by an orbit around an invisible, central mass a hidden IMBH.

Multiple studies have found that the answer is yes – there does seem to be a hidden mass within Omega Centauri. A paper published earlier this year refined that mass to 8,200 solar masses. Although the mass range for an IMBH hasn't been officially defined, and astronomers have been known to tweak the definition to fit what they need it to be, 8,200 solar masses is squarely within every IMBH range.

That's only if, however, that mass is one single object, and not a swarm. Astronomers thought that a swarm would be far less likely, since gravitational interactions between the black holes and other stars could send them flying out of the center of the cluster willy-nilly.

A team led by Bañares Hernández wanted to learn more about the IMBH purported to be hanging out in Omega Centauri, so they added a new dataset into their analysis of the cluster.

They added the accelerations of pulsars into their calculations. Pulsars constitute a subset of neutron stars that rotate very, very fast, many times per second, shooting out beams of radio waves from their poles as they do so. As these beams sweep past Earth, they make the star appear to pulse, like a cosmic lighthouse.

Because the rotational periods of pulsars can be very precisely measured, scientists can use the stars to measure other things, like motion, position, and acceleration, very precisely too. These can be detected in variations in the timing of the pulses.

According to the team's modeling and calculations with the added pulsar data, the motions of the stars in the center of Omega Centauri can best be explained by a swarm of small, stellar-mass black holes those that form from the collapsed cores of massive stars when they die.

But it's not entirely a nail in a coffin for the presence of an IMBH, either. It's possible that stellar-mass and intermediate-mass black holes are coexisting. In fact, it could even solve some of the problems of finding a swarm.

The stellar-mass black holes could be bound, just like other stars, by the gravity of the IMBH. And if IMBHs form from hierarchical mergers of stellar-mass black holes, finding both together might be a clue about how giant black holes grow.

"The hunt for elusive intermediate-mass black holes continues. There could still be one at the center of Omega Centauri, but our work suggests that it must be less than about 6,000 times the mass of the Sun and live alongside a cluster of stellar mass black holes," says astrophysicist Justin Read of the University of Surrey in the UK.

"There is, however, every chance of us finding one soon. More and more pulsar accelerations are coming, allowing us to peer into the centers of dense star clusters and hunt for black holes more precisely than ever before."

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Saturday, December 21, 2024

Probing New Physics at Cosmic Dawn #sciencefather #HEP awards #Physics #...

New Study Challenges Presence of Intermediate-Mass Black Hole in Omega Centauri

Research published in Astronomy & Astrophysics has cast doubt on the supposed discovery of an intermediate-mass black hole in the star cluster Omega Centauri. Initial findings suggested a black hole with a mass equivalent to 8,200 times that of the Sun resided at the cluster's core. However, a reanalysis indicates the high-velocity stars in this dense region could instead be influenced by a cluster of stellar-mass black holes. According to Justin Read, a physicist at the University of Surrey, in a statement, the likelihood of an intermediate black hole now appears slim, with its mass potentially less than 6,000 solar masses.

Why Intermediate-Mass Black Holes Matter

Intermediate-mass black holes, sitting between stellar-mass and supermassive black holes, are theorised to bridge the evolutionary gap between these extremes. Despite being crucial to understanding black hole growth, their existence remains elusive. Scientists initially believed the gravitational effects of an intermediate-mass black hole in Omega Centauri were responsible for accelerating stars to high speeds. As explained by Andrés Bañares Hernández from the Instituto de Astrofísica de Canarias, to publications, investigating this cluster has refined the methods used to detect such objects.

New Data from Pulsar Observations

The revised analysis incorporated pulsar data, enhancing the accuracy of gravitational field measurements within Omega Centauri. Pulsars, the rapidly spinning remnants of collapsed stars, emit beams of radiation detectable as periodic pulses. Variations in their timing provided deeper insights into the gravitational dynamics of the cluster. This data led researchers to conclude that stellar-mass black holes, rather than an intermediate-mass black hole, are the likely cause of observed stellar velocities.

Future Prospects in Black Hole Research

While the study has not confirmed the existence of an intermediate-mass black hole in Omega Centauri, the researchers remain optimistic. According to Read, in his statment, ongoing advancements in pulsar timing techniques are expected to enhance the precision of black hole searches. These findings also offer a platform for understanding pulsar formation within dense star clusters.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Friday, December 20, 2024

New Type of Magnetism Discovered That Could Make Electronics 1000x Faster

Altermagnetism, a newly imaged class of magnetism, offers potential for the development of faster and more efficient magnetic memory devices, increasing operation speeds by up to a thousand times.

Researchers from the University of Nottingham have demonstrated that this third class of magnetism, combining properties of ferromagnetism and antiferromagnetism, could revolutionize computer memory and reduce environmental impact by decreasing reliance on rare elements.
Altermagnetism’s Unique Properties

A groundbreaking study has imaged a newly discovered type of magnetism called altermagnetism for the first time. This discovery could pave the way for developing advanced magnetic memory devices capable of operating up to a thousand times faster than current technologies.

Altermagnetism is a unique magnetic order where tiny magnetic building blocks align in opposite (antiparallel) directions, similar to antiferromagnetism. However, unlike traditional antiferromagnetic materials, the crystal structures hosting these magnetic moments are rotated relative to one another, creating a distinct magnetic pattern.

Researchers from the University of Nottingham’s School of Physics and Astronomy have confirmed the existence of this third class of magnetism and demonstrated its control within microscopic devices. Their findings, published on December 11 in Nature, mark a significant step toward practical applications in next-generation technology.

Research Findings and Potential Impacts

Professor Peter Wadley, who led the study, explains: “Altermagnets consist of magnetic moments that point antiparallel to their neighbors. However, each part of the crystal hosting these tiny moments is rotated with respect to its neighbors. This is like antiferromagnetism with a twist! But this subtle difference has huge ramifications.”

Magnetic materials are used in the majority of long-term computer memory and the latest generation of microelectronic devices. This is not only a massive and vital industry but also a significant source of global carbon emissions. Replacing the key components with altermagnetic materials would lead to huge increases in speed and efficiency while having the potential to massively reduce our dependency on rare and toxic heavy elements needed for conventional ferromagnetic technology.

Altermagnets combine the favorable properties of ferromagnets and antiferromagnets into a single material. They have the potential to lead to a thousand-fold increase in speed of microelectronic components and digital memory while being more robust and energy efficient.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Quantum Devices: Heisenberg Spin Chain Dynamics #sciencefather #HEP awar...

Thursday, December 19, 2024

Physicists ‘Bootstrap’ Validity of String Theory

String theory, conceptualized more than 50 years ago as a framework to explain the formation of matter, remains elusive as a “provable” phenomenon. But a team of physicists has now taken a significant step forward in validating string theory by using an innovative mathematical method that points to its “inevitability.”

String theory posits that the most basic building blocks of nature are not particles, but, rather, one-dimensional vibrating strings that move at different frequencies in determining the type of particle that emerges akin to how vibrations of string instruments produce an array of musical notes.

In their work, reported in the journal Physical Review Letters, New York University and Caltech researchers posed the following question: “What is the math question to which string theory is the only answer?” This approach to understanding physics is known as the “bootstrap,” which is reminiscent of the adage about “pulling yourself up by your bootstraps” producing results without additional assistance or, in this case, input.

The bootstrap has previously allowed physicists to understand why general relativity and various particle theories like the interactions of gluons inside of protons are mathematically inevitable: they are the only consistent mathematical structures, under certain criteria.

“This paper provides an answer to this string-theory question for the first time,” says Grant Remmen, a James Arthur Postdoctoral Fellow in NYU’s Center for Cosmology and Particle Physics and one of the authors of the paper. “Now that these mathematical conditions are known, it brings us a step closer to understanding if and why string theory must describe our universe.”

The paper’s authors, who also included Clifford Cheung, a professor of theoretical physics at Caltech, and Aaron Hillman, a Caltech postdoctoral researcher, add that this breakthrough may be useful in better understanding quantum gravity it seeks to reconcile Einstein’s theory of relativity, which explains large-scale gravity, with quantum mechanics, which describes particle activity at the smallest scales.

“This approach opens a new area of study in analyzing the uniqueness of string amplitudes,” explains Remmen. “The development of tools outlined in our research can be used to investigate deformations of string theory, allowing us to map a space of possibilities for quantum gravity.”

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Wednesday, December 18, 2024

A Physics Discovery So Strange It’s Changing Quantum Theory

MIT physicists surprised to discover electrons in pentalayer graphene can exhibit fractional charge.

New theoretical research from MIT physicists explains how it could work, suggesting that electron interactions in confined two-dimensional spaces lead to novel quantum states, independent of magnetic fields.

MIT physicists have made significant progress in understanding how electrons can split into fractional charges. Their findings reveal the conditions that create exotic electronic states in graphene and other two-dimensional materials.

This new research builds on a recent discovery by another MIT team led by Assistant Professor Long Ju. Ju’s group observed that electrons seem to carry “fractional charges” in pentalayer graphene a structure made of five stacked graphene layers placed on a similar sheet of boron nitride.

Ju discovered that when he sent an electric current through the pentalayer structure, the electrons seemed to pass through as fractions of their total charge, even in the absence of a magnetic field. Scientists had already shown that electrons can split into fractions under a very strong magnetic field, in what is known as the fractional quantum Hall effect. Ju’s work was the first to find that this effect was possible in graphene without a magnetic field which until recently was not expected to exhibit such an effect.

The phenemonon was coined the “fractional quantum anomalous Hall effect,” and theorists have been keen to find an explanation for how fractional charge can emerge from pentalayer graphene.

The new study, led by MIT professor of physics Senthil Todadri, provides a crucial piece of the answer. Through calculations of quantum mechanical interactions, he and his colleagues show that the electrons form a sort of crystal structure, the properties of which are ideal for fractions of electrons to emerge.

“This is a completely new mechanism, meaning in the decades-long history, people have never had a system go toward these kinds of fractional electron phenomena,” Todadri says. “It’s really exciting because it makes possible all kinds of new experiments that previously one could only dream about.”

In 2018, MIT professor of physics Pablo Jarillo-Herrero and his colleagues were the first to observe that new electronic behavior could emerge from stacking and twisting two sheets of graphene. Each layer of graphene is as thin as a single atom and structured in a chicken-wire lattice of hexagonal carbon atoms. By stacking two sheets at a very specific angle to each other, he found that the resulting interference, or moiré pattern, induced unexpected phenomena such as both superconducting and insulating properties in the same material. This “magic-angle graphene,” as it was soon coined, ignited a new field known as twistronics, the study of electronic behavior in twisted, two-dimensional materials.

“Shortly after his experiments, we realized these moiré systems would be ideal platforms in general to find the kinds of conditions that enable these fractional electron phases to emerge,” says Todadri, who collaborated with Jarillo-Herrero on a study that same year to show that, in theory, such twisted systems could exhibit fractional charge without a magnetic field. “We were advocating these as the best systems to look for these kinds of fractional phenomena,” he says.

Website: International Conference on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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Tuesday, December 17, 2024

Google’s Quantum Chip Sparks Debate on Multiverse Theory

Google’s latest quantum computer chip, which the team dubbed Willow, has ignited a heated debate in the scientific community over the existence of parallel universes.

Following an eye-opening achievement in computational problem-solving, claims have surfaced that the chip’s success aligns with the theory of a multiverse, a concept that suggests our universe is one of many coexisting in parallel dimensions. In this piece, we’ll examine both sides of this argument that seems to have opened up a parallel universe of its own with one universe of scientists suggesting the Willow experiments offer evidence of a multiverse and the other suggesting it has nothing to do with the theory at all.

10 Septillion Years Is a Long Time For a Universe

According to Google, Willow solved a computational problem in under five minutes a task that would have taken the world’s fastest supercomputers approximately 10 septillion years. This staggering feat, announced in a blog post and accompanied by a study in the journal Nature, demonstrates the extraordinary potential of quantum computing to tackle problems once thought unsolvable within a human timeframe.

Google Quantum AI team founder Hartmut Neven argued that the chip’s success supports the idea of quantum computation occurring in many parallel universes, aligning with interpretations of quantum mechanics that are based on a multiverse.

Neven’s comments echo the theories of British physicist David Deutsch, who was among the first to suggest that quantum computation might involve parallel universes. Deutsch’s multiverse interpretation of quantum mechanics proposes that particles exist in multiple states simultaneously, a phenomenon that quantum computers leverage for their computational power.

David Deutsch’s Multiverse Theory and Its Connection to Quantum Computing

Deutsch was one of the first scientists to explicitly connect quantum mechanics with the multiverse. His work, particularly in the 1980s, built on the “many-worlds interpretation” of quantum mechanics proposed by Hugh Everett in the 1950s.

The many-worlds interpretation attempts to show that every quantum event results in a branching of the universe into multiple, coexisting realities. For example, if a particle can exist in two states, the universe splits into two versions one for each state. These branches are not merely hypothetical but are thought to represent real, parallel universes.

Deutsch extended this idea to quantum computing. In his view, when a quantum computer performs a computation, in broad strokes, it simultaneously processes information in multiple parallel universes. Each computation takes place in a distinct branch of reality, and the quantum computer effectively leverages this multiplicity to solve problems that are impossible for classical computers.

In practical terms, Deutsch argued that the extraordinary efficiency of quantum algorithms, such as Shor’s algorithm for factoring large numbers, can only be fully understood if quantum computers are seen as working across parallel universes. This interpretation has been highly influential, though not (as we shall see) universally accepted. Still, the idea remains a cornerstone of the multiverse argument in quantum mechanics.

The claims surrounding Google’s Willow chip resonate with Deutsch’s theories, as the chip’s computational feats appear to align with his description of quantum computing as an inherently multiverse-dependent process. However, skeptics caution that Deutsch’s interpretation is one of many competing frameworks within quantum mechanics, and more experimental evidence is needed to validate or refute the multiverse hypothesis.

Krori–Barua Dark Energy Stars Explained #sciencefather #HEP Awards #Dar...

Monday, December 16, 2024

The Mysterious Science Experiment That Could Answer Why We Exist

Physicists are closer than ever to answering fundamental questions about the origins of the universe by learning more about its tiniest particles.

Scientists are intensifying research into neutrinos, mysterious particles that pass through matter almost unhindered. Key goals include studying how neutrinos change types and searching for previously unknown varieties, which could transform current understanding of physics.

The Mystery of the Sterile Neutrino

University of Cincinnati Professor Alexandre Sousa has detailed the next decade of global research into neutrinos, incredibly tiny particles that travel at nearly the speed of light and pass through virtually everything by the trillions each second.

Neutrinos are the most abundant particles with mass in the universe, making them a key focus for scientists seeking to understand fundamental aspects of physics.

These particles are produced in various processes, including nuclear fusion in the sun, radioactive decay in nuclear reactors and Earth’s crust, and experiments in particle accelerators. As they move, neutrinos can switch between three types, or “flavors,” in a process that continues to intrigue researchers.

But unexpected experimental results made physicists suspect there might be another neutrino flavor, called a sterile neutrino because it appears immune to three of the four known “forces.”

“Theoretically, it interacts with gravity, but it has no interaction with the others, weak nuclear force, strong nuclear force, or electromagnetic force,” Sousa said.

Future Prospects in Neutrino Physics

“Progress in neutrino physics is expected on several fronts,” Zupan said.

Besides the search for sterile neutrinos, Zupan said physicists are looking at several experimental anomalies disagreements between data and theory that they will be able to test in the near future with the upcoming experiments.

Learning more about neutrinos could upend centuries of our understanding about physics. Several neutrino projects have been recognized with the world’s top scientific award, the Nobel Prize, most recently with the discovery of neutrino oscillations receiving the 2015 Nobel Prize in Physics. Countries such as the United States are investing billions of dollars into these projects because of the immense scientific interest in pursuing these questions.

One question is why the universe has more matter than antimatter if the Big Bang created both in equal measure. Neutrino research could provide the answer, Sousa said.

“It might not make a difference in your daily life, but we’re trying to understand why we’re here,” Sousa said. “Neutrinos seem to hold the key to answering these very deep questions.”

DUNE: The Cutting-Edge of Neutrino Experiments

Sousa is part of one of the most ambitious neutrino projects called DUNE or the Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment conducted by the Fermi National Accelerator Laboratory. Crews have excavated the former Homestake gold mine 5,000 feet underground to install neutrino detectors. It takes about 10 minutes just for the elevator to reach the detector caverns, Sousa said.

Researchers put detectors deep underground to shield them from cosmic rays and background radiation. This makes it easier to isolate the particles generated in experiments.

The experiment is set to begin in 2029 with two of its detector modules measuring neutrinos from the atmosphere. But starting in 2031, researchers at Fermilab will shoot a high-energy beam of neutrinos 800 miles through the Earth to the waiting detector in South Dakota and a much closer one in Illinois. The project is a collaboration of more than 1,400 international engineers, physicists, and other scientists.

“With these two detector modules and the most powerful neutrino beam ever we can do a lot of science,” Sousa said. “DUNE coming online will be extremely exciting. It will be the best neutrino experiment ever.”

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Measuring Solar Neutrino Fluxes: Light Mediators #sciencefather #HEP Awa...

Saturday, December 14, 2024

Multi-Species Kinetic-Fluid Coupling! #sciencefather #HEP Awards #High e...

MIT Unveils Exotic Matter Breakthrough Set to Revolutionize Quantum Computing

MIT physicists propose a method to create fractionalized electrons known as non-Abelian anyons in two-dimensional materials, potentially advancing quantum computing by enabling more reliable quantum bits without using magnetic fields.

MIT physicists have shown that it should be possible to create an exotic form of matter that could serve as the building blocks for future quantum computers. These quantum bits, or qubits, could make quantum computers even more powerful than those in development today.

Their research builds on a recent discovery of materials where electrons can split into fractional parts a phenomenon known as electron fractionalization. Crucially, this splitting happens without the need for a magnetic field, making the process more practical for real-world applications.

Electron fractionalization was first discovered in 1982, earning a Nobel Prize, but the original process required applying a magnetic field. The ability to create fractionalized electrons without this requirement opens the door to new research possibilities and practical technological uses.

When electrons split into fractions of themselves, those fractions are known as anyons. Anyons come in variety of flavors, or classes. The anyons discovered in the 2023 materials are known as Abelian anyons. Now, in a paper published recently in the journal Physical Review Letters, the MIT team notes that it should be possible to create the most exotic class of anyons, non-Abelian anyons.

“Non-Abelian anyons have the bewildering capacity of ‘remembering’ their spacetime trajectories; this memory effect can be useful for quantum computing,” says Liang Fu, a professor in MIT’s Department of Physics and leader of the work.

Fu further notes that “the 2023 experiments on electron fractionalization greatly exceeded theoretical expectations. My takeaway is that we theorists should be bolder.”

Fu is also affiliated with the MIT Materials Research Laboratory. His colleagues on the current work are graduate students Aidan P. Reddy and Nisarga Paul, and postdoc Ahmed Abouelkomsan, all of the MIT Department of Phsyics. Reddy and Paul are co-first authors of the Physical Review Letters paper.

The MIT work and two related studies were also featured in an recent story in Physics Magazine. “If this prediction is confirmed experimentally, it could lead to more reliable quantum computers that can execute a wider range of tasks … Theorists have already devised ways to harness non-Abelian states as workable qubits and manipulate the excitations of these states to enable robust quantum computation,” writes Ryan Wilkinson.

The current work was guided by recent advances in 2D materials, or those consisting of only one or a few layers of atoms. “The whole world of two-dimensional materials is very interesting because you can stack them and twist them, and sort of play Legos with them to get all sorts of cool sandwich structures with unusual properties,” says Paul. Those sandwich structures, in turn, are called moiré materials.

Friday, December 13, 2024

Solid Oxide Fuel Cells Physics vs Data! #sciencefather #HEP awards #Hig...

The Breakthrough in Magnetic Levitation: A Game-Changer for Industry

In the world of cutting-edge science and technology, few discoveries can be as transformative as those involving magnetic levitation. Recently, a breakthrough in this field has captured the attention of both scientists and industry professionals alike, signaling the potential for revolutionizing various technologies.

Two years ago, an electronics engineer named Hamdi Ucar from Turkey stumbled upon a phenomenon that could change everything we know about magnetic levitation. While this discovery may seem like something out of a science fiction movie, it is, in fact, grounded in the principles of physics an achievement that could unlock new possibilities in industries ranging from robotics to transportation.

Ucar’s experiments in magnetic levitation began with a simple setup: a magnet connected to a motor, placed in a precise position. When he brought a second magnet near the first, something extraordinary happened. The second magnet began to spin and levitate just a few centimeters above the first, defying the natural pull of gravity.

This moment of wonder led to a flurry of questions: How did the second magnet remain suspended without falling? What forces were at play? How could this new understanding of levitation change the way we think about physical interactions? These intriguing questions prompted further investigation from leading scientists.

The discovery made by Ucar caught the attention of two researchers from the DTU Energy in Denmark, Professor Rasmus Bjørk and Joachim M. Hermansen. Their curiosity led them to dive deeper into the mechanics of this peculiar phenomenon, ultimately revealing some unexpected results. In a recent study published in Physics Review Applied, the researchers uncovered the secret behind this magnetic levitation: the key to the levitation lies in the slight tilting of the magnets’ axes relative to their rotation.

Bjørk explains, “Normally, magnets should attract or repel each other when placed close together. But when you make one of them rotate, it can levitate. The force acting on the magnets shouldn’t change just by making one rotate, so there seems to be a coupling between the movement and the magnetic force.”

This discovery has upended long-held assumptions in the field of magnetism, offering an elegant explanation for a phenomenon that had previously baffled many. The research team carried out several experiments, including tests with spherical magnets and more complex laboratory setups, to confirm their findings.

While the scientific community has been quick to analyze the theoretical implications of this discovery, the real excitement lies in its potential applications. One of the most promising areas for this new understanding of magnetic levitation is robotics. Currently, magnetic fields are used in robotic arms for tasks that require delicate handling. However, the use of rotating magnets could lead to more efficient, precise, and even more powerful solutions in this space.

The possibility of manipulating objects without physical contact opens up a world of innovation. Imagine industries where assembly lines, surgical operations, or even warehouse logistics no longer require direct physical interaction with objects. This could minimize the risk of damage, reduce friction, and speed up processes.

However, as with all scientific breakthroughs, the practical applications remain a bit elusive at this stage. While the theoretical foundation has been laid, future research will be needed to understand the broader possibilities. Fraderick Laust Durhus, also from DTU Energy, points out, “The true potential will depend on the expansion or reduction of the phenomenon and the energy costs involved.”

The research into magnetic levitation by the Danish team could unlock more than just answers to fundamental questions about physics, it could pave the way for a whole new generation of technologies. From the potential for faster, more efficient transportation systems to advanced medical devices that require minimal contact, the opportunities seem limitless.

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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