Machine Learning in Physics #sciencefather #science #High energy physics...

Inside the underground lab in China tasked with solving a physics mystery

A giant sphere 700 meters underground with thousands of light-detecting tubes will be sealed in a 12-story cylindrical pool of water in coming months for an experiment that will shine new light on elusive subatomic particles known as neutrinos.

After years of construction, the $300 million Jiangmen Underground Neutrino Observatory (JUNO) in China's southern Guangdong province will soon start gathering data on neutrinos, a product of nuclear reactions, to help solve one of the biggest mysteries in particle physics.

Every second, trillions of extremely small neutrinos pass through matter, including the human body. In mid-flight, a neutrino, of which there are three known varieties, could transform into other types. Determining which types are the lightest and the heaviest would offer clues to subatomic processes during the early days of the universe and to explaining why matter is the way it is.

To that end, Chinese physicists and collaborating scientists from all over the world will analyse the data on neutrinos emitted by two nearby Guangdong nuclear power plants for up to six years.

JUNO would also be able to observe neutrinos from the sun, gaining a real-time view of solar processes. It could also study neutrinos given off by the radioactive decay of uranium and thorium in the Earth to better understand mantle convection driving tectonic plates.

Due to go operational in the latter half of 2025, JUNO will outpace the far larger Deep Underground Neutrino Experiment (DUNE) under construction in the United States. DUNE, backed by the Long-Baseline Neutrino Facility (LBNF) under the U.S. Department of Energy's (DOE) top particle physics laboratory, Fermilab, will come online around 2030.

The race to understand neutrinos and advance the study of particle physics, which has transformed medical imaging technologies and developed new energy sources, intensified when the DOE abruptly cut funding for U.S. institutes collaborating on JUNO. It instead focused on building DUNE, which has since been plagued by delays and budget overruns, with costs skyrocketing to more than $3 billion.

"China had supported Fermilab's LBNF at the time, but later the cooperation could not continue," Wang Yifang, chief scientist and project manager of JUNO, told Reuters during a recent government-backed media tour of the facility. "Around 2018-2019, the U.S. DOE asked all national laboratories not to cooperate with China, so Fermilab was forced to stop working with us."

The DOE, the largest U.S. funding agency for particle physics, did not respond to Reuters' request for comment.

Sino-U.S. tensions have risen sharply over the past decade. A trade war erupted during the Trump administration and President Joe Biden later cracked down on the sale of advanced technology to China.

In August, a bilateral science and technology cooperation pact signed in 1979 lapsed, potentially pushing more scientists to seek alternative partners, creating duplication in research and missing out on collaboration that otherwise might have led to beneficial discoveries.

In the 2010s, the countries jointly produced a nuclear reactor that could use low-enriched uranium, minimising the risk of any fuel being weaponised.

China's foreign ministry said Beijing was "in communication" with Washington about the lapsed science agreement. The U.S. State Department did not comment.

SOLE U.S. COLLABORATOR

Institutions collaborating on JUNO hail from locations including France, Germany, Italy, Russia and the U.S., and even self-governed Taiwan, which China claims as part of its territory.

Neutrino observatories are also being constructed in other places.

"The one in the U.S. will be six years behind us. And the one in the France and in Japan, they will be two or three years later than us. So we believe that we can get the result of mass hierarchy (of neutrinos) ahead of everybody," Wang said.

So far, real-life neutrino applications remain a distant prospect. Some scientists have mulled the possibility of relaying long-distance messages via neutrinos, which pass through solid matter such as the Earth at near light speed.

Researchers are keeping their distance from politics to focus on the science, although they remain at the mercy of governments providing the funding.

One U.S. group remains in JUNO, backed by the National Science Foundation, which recently renewed its funding for its collaboration for another three years, the group's leading physicist told Reuters.

In contrast, more than a dozen U.S. institutes participated in the predecessor to JUNO, the Daya Bay experiment, also in Guangdong.

"Despite any political differences, I believe that through our collaboration on this scientific endeavour, we are setting a positive example that may contribute, even in a small way, to bringing our countries closer together," said J. Pedro Ochoa-Ricoux of the University of California, Irvine.

DATA INTEGRITY

The passage of neutrinos from the two power stations will be logged by JUNO's 600 metric ton spherical detector, which will immediately transmit the data to Beijing electronically. The data will be simultaneously relayed to Russia, France and Italy, where it can be accessed by all of the collaborating institutions, said Cao Jun, JUNO's deputy manager.

Data integrity has been a concern among foreign companies in China since a law was enacted in 2021 on the use, storage and transfer of data in the name of safeguarding national security.

"We have a protocol to make sure that no data is missing," Cao said.

For data on the more crucial aspects of the experiment, at least two independent teams will conduct analyses, with their results cross-checked.

"When these two groups get a consistent result, we can publish it," Cao said.

U.S.-based Ochoa-Ricoux, who previously collaborated on China's Daya Bay experiment, will lead the data analysis for JUNO. He will also be involved in the DUNE data analysis.

"We welcome the Americans," said Wang, also director of the Institute of High Energy Physics, the Chinese counterpart of Fermilab.

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

#HighEnergyPhysics#ParticlePhysics#QuantumPhysics#AstroparticlePhysics#ColliderPhysics
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Muon Colliders Unveiling New Physics! #sciencefather #physics #High Ene...

Hunter's supermoon, a comet, and Orionids meteors are sharing the sky this week

This week, the October sky is treating us to a brilliant display that you won’t want to miss — the Hunter’s supermoon, a rare comet, and the Orionids meteor shower.

Comet C/2023 A3 Tsuchinshan-ATLAS is a rare comet making its journey past Earth, offering a unique opportunity to witness its tail of icy particles glistening against the dark canvas of space.

In addition, this week features the biggest supermoon of the year, Hunter’s supermoon, which will illuminate the night with a breathtaking orangish glow.

And let’s not forget the dazzling Orionids meteor shower, where you can catch glimpses of shooting stars streaking across the sky, resulting from debris left by Halley’s Comet.

There’s truly something for everyone in this celestial display. So, grab a warm jacket, perhaps a pair of binoculars for a closer look.

80,000-year-old time traveler

Meet Comet C/2023 A3 Tsuchinshan-ATLAS, a celestial wanderer that’s been on an 80,000-year long odyssey.

From the outermost regions of our solar system, this comet embarks on an interminable journey around the sun. The last time it paid us a visit, our ancestors were just crafting civilizations.

Although its closest Earth pass was on October 12, it remains visible for the remainder of the month.

So, how do you spot it? An hour into the sunset, turn your sight to where the sun has sunk and voila. The elusive comet, while difficult to sight with the naked eye, could be seen with a pair of binoculars.

Hunter’s Supermoon

Next up…mark your calendars for October 17, 2024. The night sky is all set to parade the Hunter’s Moon, but this year it’s not just a full moon — it’s a supermoon!

This phenomenon occurs when the moon is at its closest to Earth during its full phase, making it larger and brighter.

The Hunter’s Moon got its name from the historical practice of hunters utilizing the bright moonlight to track game and gather food in preparation for winter. This full moon rises soon after sunset, extending the period of illumination more than usual.

As it ascends, the Hunter’s Moon appears particularly large and orange, a visual effect produced by its lower position on the horizon and the scattering of light in the atmosphere.

This lunar phase holds cultural significance across various traditions, representing a time for preparation and gathering, underscoring the importance of readiness for the impending colder months.

While contemporary life may not depend on this extra light to hunt or complete outdoor tasks, the Hunter’s Moon remains a fascinating reminder of nature’s rhythms and the cyclical changes of the seasons.

Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

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chiral spin textures in centrosymmetric iron garnet#sciencefather# High ...

New quantum computing controls seek to advance efforts by the US and its allies and slow adversaries’ production

The DOC has released an interim final rule that will license export controls for a 38-plus member coalition of ‘like minded countries,’ seemingly attempting to thwart advances by China, Russia and others.

With the US and its allies in a semiconductor arms race, the Biden administration is continuing to push its efforts to keep the technology out of the “wrong hands” with new chip-related export controls.

The US Department of Commerce (DOC) this week released an interim final rule that will enforce License Exception Implemented Export Controls (IEC) for a 38-plus member coalition of “like-minded countries.” There is a 60-day public comment period before the final ruling.

“Aligning our controls on quantum and other advanced technologies makes it significantly more difficult for our adversaries to develop and deploy these technologies in ways that threaten our collective security,” Alan Estevez, under secretary for the Bureau of Industry and Security (BIS), said in a release.

While China is not explicitly named, it’s pretty heavily implied that this applies to that country, although it’s been clear that it has been able to get around such restrictions in the past, including gaining access to highly sought-after Nvidia chips. The DOC release does emphasize, however, that this is part of an ongoing effort to strengthen export controls to “degrade” the military capabilities of Russia and its “enablers,” Iran and Belarus.

Both the Biden and Trump administrations have used export controls to limit access to advanced semiconductor manufacturing equipment, explained James Sanders, senior analyst at TechInsights. “Including quantum computing in the latest set of rules is easiest to understand as an extension of controls limiting access to high-performance chips for artificial intelligence,” he told CIO.


Website: International Research Awards on High Energy Physics and Computational Science.

#HighEnergyPhysics#ParticlePhysics#QuantumPhysics#AstroparticlePhysics#ColliderPhysics
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POKER Detector: Dark Sector Breakthrough! #sciencefather #physics # scie...