Wednesday, March 15, 2023

Subatomic particles

 

Subatomic particles






Subatomic particles are particles that are smaller than atoms. The three main types of subatomic particles are protons, neutrons, and electrons, which make up atoms. However, there are many other subatomic particles that exist, including:

  1. Quarks
  2. Leptons
  3. Bosons
  4. Photons
  5. Gluons
  6. W and Z bosons
  7. Muons
  8. Tau particles
  9. Neutrinos
  10. Gravitons
  11. Antimatter particles
  12. Mesons
  13. Baryons
  14. Kaons
  15. Lambda particles

These particles are studied in high-energy physics and particle physics, and their properties and interactions are essential to understanding the nature of matter and the universe.


#News: High Energy Physics (HEP)
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Tuesday, March 14, 2023

High-Energy Astrophysics

     

      High-Energy Astrophysics


 

   

                                                                        
                                                                         Fig :1


                                                                                     

 

                                                                                    Fig : 2

 

                                                                              

                                                                                    Fig : 3

 


                                                                                       Fig : 4


 

               High-energy astrophysics studies the Universe at the extreme. Black holes, neutron stars, exploding supernovae, and relativistically moving jets continually challenge our understanding of the behavior of matter at extreme densities and temperatures, high velocities, enormous magnetic fields, and strong gravity. Understanding these extreme environments is key to interpreting the bizarre energetic phenomena that occur in Active Galactic Nuclei, pulsars, supernovae, and gamma-ray bursts. The field of high-energy astrophysics is currently experiencing an explosion in data quality and in the level of sophistication of the modeling. For the next several years, we expect to experience a unique confluence of simultaneous observations from the ground and space-based telescopes that span the whole electromagnetic spectrum: JVLA, ALMA (radio and sub-millimeter), Hubble/JWST (optical/infrared), Chandra, SWIFT, NuStar (X-rays), INTEGRAL and Fermi (gamma-rays), and HESS/MAGIC (multi-TeV gamma-rays). These facilities will be combined with the qualitatively new windows provided by particle astronomy via cosmic rays (Auger) and neutrinos (IceCube), and with gravitational wave astronomy with Advanced LIGO. High-energy astrophysics sources provide prime targets for these observatories and pose unique puzzles for theory.




 3rd International Research Awards on High Energy Physics
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Saturday, March 11, 2023

High Energy Physics

 

                     High Energy Physics









Particle physics is one of the branch of physics that studies the fundamental building blocks of matter and the forces as well as the interactions between them. It is also commonly called High Energy Physics (HEP) since in most cases these fundamental particles need special high energetic circumstances to create and study them. There are two such accelerators; hadron colliders and electron-positron-colliders. The progress in particle physics has been done both experimentally and theoretically. 
The best theoretical model that explains the nature well upto high precision is known as the Standard Model (SM) which is however an effective low energy realization of a more fundamental theory. The SM deals at the microscopic scale with the properties of the fundamental particles and the forces mediated by gauge bosons involved in the interactions among them. There are four fundamental forces known in nature; electromagnetic, weak, strong, and the gravity and the SM unifies three of these except the gravity. The SM is considered the pillars of the fundamental physics and in 1979 Sheldon Glashow, Abdus Salam and Steven Weinberg won the Nobel prize for formulating the framework.
With the discovery of the Higgs boson in July 4, 2012 at the Large Hadron Collider at CERN near Geneva, Switzerland, the Standard Model has been finally concluded. Since the SM is an effective theory, pursuing the form of the physics beyond the SM has been continuing for more than three decays with no experimental clue so far. The weakness of the SM boils down to three things: (1) the Dark matter, (2) naturalness issue and (3) origin of neutrino mass. As a remedy to these issues, there are very popular scenarios like supersymmetry, extra dimensions etc. Final word about the type of physics beyond the SM will be said by experiments like Large Hadron collider and the excitement is still running very high in the community.



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